Effectiveness of increased salt iodine concentration on iodine status: trend analysis of cross-sectional national studies in Switzerland

Abstract Context The effectiveness of saliva iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine status in children is not clear. Objective We aimed to explore associations between SIC and assessed indicators of iodine status and thyroid function. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Primary schools in Shandong, China. Participants Local children aged 8 to 13 years with no known thyroid disease were recruited to this study. Main outcome measures Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status. Results SIC positively correlated with spot urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001), 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.35, P < 0.0001), and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (r = 0.40, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TN) and goiter showed an upward trend with SIC quantiles (P for trend < 0.05). Children with SIC <105 μg/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 4.18; 95% CI, 2.67-6.56) compared with those with higher SIC. Those having SIC >273 μg/L were associated with greater risks of TN (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.38-5.26) and excessive iodine status (OR = 18.56; 95% CI, 5.66-60.91) than those with lower SIC values. Conclusions There is a good correlation between SIC and urinary iodine concentrations. It is of significant reference value for the diagnosis of iodine deficiency with SIC of less than 105 μg/L and for the diagnosis of iodine excess and TN with SIC of more than 273 μg/L. Given the sanitary nature and convenience of saliva iodine collection, SIC is highly recommended as a good biomarker of recent iodine status in school-aged children.

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Current iodine status in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of schoolchildren, 2014–2019

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgab919 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yozen Fuse ◽

Yoshiya Ito ◽

Yoshimasa Shishiba ◽

Minoru Irie

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Cr Concentration

Abstract Context Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status is lacking. Objective This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. Methods From 2014 through 2019 a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. Results A total of 32,025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L which was within the WHO’s adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UIC were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1,071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 out of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2 to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, BSA and BMI percentile, while the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE values. Conclusions The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

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Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12030630 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 630 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Synne Groufh-Jacobsen ◽

Lise Mette Mosand ◽

Ingvild Oma ◽

Kjersti Sletten Bakken ◽

Beate Stokke Solvik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Infant Health ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Public Health Care ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Iodine Status

Breastfed infants are dependent on an adequate supply of iodine in human milk for the production of thyroid hormones, necessary for development of the brain. Despite the importance of iodine for infant health, data on Norwegian lactating women are scarce. We measured iodine intake and evaluated iodine status and iodine knowledge among lactating women. From October to December 2018, 133 mother–infant pairs were recruited in a cross-sectional study through two public health care centers in Lillehammer and Gjøvik. Each of the women provided two human milk specimens, which were pooled, and one urine sample for analysis of iodine concentration. We used 24-h dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate short-term and habitual iodine intake from food and supplements. The median (P25, P75) human milk iodine concentration (HMIC) was 71 (45, 127) µg/L—of which, 66% had HMIC <100 µg/L. The median (P25, P75) urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 80 µg/L (52, 141). The mean (± SD) 24-h iodine intake and habitual intake was 78 ± 79 µg/day and 75 ± 73 µg/day, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirms inadequate iodine intake and insufficient iodine status among lactating women in the inland area of Norway and medium knowledge awareness about iodine.

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IODINE STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN RESIDING IN URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 506

Author(s):

Spriha Rao ◽

Gurudayal Singh Toteja ◽

Neena Bhatia ◽

Supriya Dwivedi ◽

Zaozianlungliu Gonmei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Salt Iodine

Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the iodine nutrition status among pregnant women in slums of West Delhi.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the third-trimester pregnant women residing in urban slums of West Delhi. Urinary iodine concentration was estimated using ammonium persulfate method, and salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration.Results: Of the total 180 pregnant women, 70.6% were consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine levels ≥15 ppm). Median urinary iodine level for the pregnant women was 147.5 μg/L indicating iodine deficiency among this group. A total of 51.1% of women had urinary iodine levels <150 μg/L.Conclusion: Pregnant women belonging to slum community from Delhi have a suboptimal iodine status. Further, the proportion of women consuming iodized salt is less than the national average indicating the need to educate these women about the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

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Perbandingan kandungan iodium dalam urin antara sampel urin 24 jam dan on spot pada anak usia sekolah

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia ◽

10.22146/ijcn.17865 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Widya Ayu Kurnia Putri ◽

Dodik Briawan ◽

Hidayat Syarif ◽

Leily Amelia

Keyword(s):

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urine Samples ◽

School Age Children ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Urine Collection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Epidemiological Surveys

Background: Urine Iodine Concentration (UIC) is the indicator to assess iodine status. UIC from 24-hour urine collection appropriate to used as a direct measure of the iodine status and helps to validate the estimates intake of iodine. 24-hours urine collection is not practical in large studies and epidemiological surveys because it is quite difficult to complete and accurate collection. WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD recommend the use of on spot urine collection.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare of 24-hour urine collection and spot urine collection for the assessment UIC in children.Method: The cross-sectional study was applied in Bogor. UIC was measured in 24-hour urine and parallel collected three spot urine namely on spot 1 collected morning, on spot 2 collected afternoon, and on spot 3 collected evening, sample urine collected from 44 healthy children age 10-13 years. UIC of 24-hour urine and one spot urine analyzed in the laboratory GAKY FK UNDIP using acid digestion method.Results: The average UIC from 24-hour urine collection was 179.77 ± 56.4 µg/l and UIC from on spot urine collection were on spot morning 145.30 ± 63.6 µg/l, on spot afternoon 159.95 ± 64.5 µg/l, and on spot evening 167.50 ± 66.1 µg/l. However, UIC correlation between UIC from on spot afternoon and UIC 24-hour (r = 0.456) with 66.67 % sensitivity and 75.61 % specificity.Conclusion: UIC urine samples from lunch to dinner more accurately reflects the UIC 24 hours to categorize the iodine status of the population. UIC from spot urine samples collected on the afternoon can be used as an alternative to evaluate the iodine status of school-age children.

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Iodine status and characteristics of Korean adolescents and their parents based on urinary iodine concentration: a nationwide cross-sectional study

Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.6065/apem.2019.24.2.108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 108-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yun Chang Choi ◽

Ji In Cheong ◽

Hee Won Chueh ◽

Jae-Ho Yoo

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Korean Adolescents

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Oral Contraceptive Intake and Iodine Status in Young Women

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000518135 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Carola Deischinger ◽

Doris Deischinger ◽

Irina Gessl ◽

Michael Krebs ◽

Rodrig Marculescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Young Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Urine Creatinine

Objective: Similar to pregnant women, women taking an oral contraceptive (OC) might have elevated iodine requirements due to the altered hormonal state. This is the first study aimed at investigating the prevalence of iodine deficiency and possible influences of OC intake on urine creatinine and iodine levels in young women. Methods: One hundred fifty-five women between the age of 18 and 35 years (62 taking an OC and 93 controls) participated in a cross-sectional pilot study at the Medical University of Vienna, which included a 1-spot urine sample and a questionnaire on OC intake as well as a food questionnaire. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in this study was 68 μg/L (41, 111 μg/L) suggesting an inadequate iodine status in the women according to the WHO guidelines. Median UIC (OC: 89 μg/L, IQR 55–120; control: 59 μg/L, IQR 39–91, p = 0.010) and urine creatinine (OC: median = 99.0 μg/L, IQR 74.9–175.5; control: 77.0 μg/L, IQR 49.6–147.2, p = 0.030) levels were significantly higher in OC women than in the control group. UIC corrected for urine creatinine was comparable between both groups. Conclusion: With similar creatinine-corrected UICs in both groups, OC intake might not have a significant impact on iodine status. However, the low median UIC in a vulnerable group of young women potentially conceiving in the following years points at the necessity of optimizing the iodine intake in the Austrian population and reiterates the insufficiency of the current iodine supplementation measures.

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Urinary Iodine Concentration as an Indicator of Iodine Status and its Correlation with the Thyroid Hormones and Hemoglobin Levels in First Trimester Pregnant Women - An Exploratory Study

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal ◽

10.12944/crnfsj.9.3.07 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 791-799

Author(s):

Syeda Farha S ◽

Asna Urooj

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Iron Status ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

First Trimester ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

The Impact

During pregnancy, the daily requirement of iodine increases making those most at-risk population for iodine deficiency disorders. The available confined data shows that pregnant women are iodine deficient even in iodine sufficient regions with this background the objectives of the current study were to assess the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and evaluate the relationship between the levels of hemoglobin, UIC, and thyroid status in first-trimester pregnant women. A cross-sectional hospital-based study with a total sample size of n=110 pregnant women at the13th week of gestation in the Mysuru district was selected. The UIC, anthropometric measurements, iodine intake, and selected biochemical parameters (TSH, FT3, FT4, and Hb) were assessed. The data was analysed using SPSS (v 16.0). Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to analyse correlations. The Mann- Whitney U test was used to compare differences between groups. ANOVA was used to study the comparison of pregnancy complications with UIC and hemoglobin. The median UIC (mUIC) was 194.2 µg/L and Hb was 10.5 g/dL. Even though the mUIC was normal, around 38.2% had insufficient UIC. Significant inverse relationship between UIC and TSH (r = -0.487, p<0.001), Hb and TSH (r = -0.355, p < 0.001), and between TSH and iodine intake (r=-0.476, p<0.001) were observed. It was interesting to observe that those with insufficient UIC were found to have mild anaemia and low FT4 levels and those with excess UIC had lower TSH levels. The pregnant women in the present study were found to have the normal median urinary iodine concentration and were mildly anaemic. Increased attention among pregnant women should be focused on iodine status along with iron status and thyroid functions. Larger comparative studies need to be performed to study the impact of altered iodine status on neonatal outcomes.

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Iodine status of school age children in the two hilly districts Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal

Sunsari Technical College Journal ◽

10.3126/stcj.v1i1.7986 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

AK Nepal ◽

S Gautam ◽

S Khatiwada ◽

PR Shakya ◽

B Gelal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

School Age Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Population Parameter ◽

School Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status

Background: Iodine deficiency remains a significant health problem in developing countries, including Nepal. Objective: This study was conducted to measure the iodine status of school children in two districts Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal by estimating median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) as a population parameter in the school children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2010 to July 2011 in school children (6-12 years of age) of two hilly districts of Eastern Nepal, Dhankuta and Tehrathum. A total of 154 school age children from the two districts were chosen for the study after obtaining written consent from their guardians and school authority. UIC was estimated in these school children by ammonium persulphate digestion microplate method. Results: Among the school age children selected for the study median inter-quartile range (IQR) of urinary iodine in Dhankuta (n=63) and Tehrathum (n=91) districts were 214.04 (126.44; 323.0) μg/L and 252.34 (161.81; 301.63) μg/L. No significant differences were observed between the median UIC of these two districts (p=0.235). Among the school children in Dhankuta districts 2(3.2%) were severely deficient, 4(6.3%) were moderately deficient and 6(9.5%) were mildly deficient. In Tehrathum district 2(2.2%) were moderately deficient and 5(5.5%) were mildly deficient. Conclusion: The present study showed improved iodine status with optimal levels of median urinary iodine concentration in the two districts, Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal. Regular monitoring of population median urinary iodine concentration is recommended for sustainable optimal iodine nutrition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v1i1.7986 Sunsari Technical College Journal Vol.1(1) 2012 38-41

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Iodine status and fish intake of Sudanese schoolchildren living in the Red Sea and White Nile regions

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012000833 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 2265-2271 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Izzeldin S Hussein ◽

Yoeju Min ◽

Kebreab Ghebremeskel ◽

Abdelrahim M Gaffar

Keyword(s):

Red Sea ◽

Fish Consumption ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

White Nile

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate iodine status and fish consumption of schoolchildren living in the Red Sea and White Nile regions of Sudan.DesignCross-sectional study to determine urinary iodine concentration, visible goitre rate, iodine content of salt and fish consumption.SettingPort Sudan (Red Sea) and Jabal Awliya (White Nile), Sudan.SubjectsTwo hundred eighty (n280) children aged 6–12 years (142 boys, 138 girls).ResultsThe median urinary iodine concentration in children from Port Sudan and Jabal Awliya was 553 and 160 μg/l, respectively. Goitre was detected in 17·1 % of children from Port Sudan but only in 1·4 % from Jabal Awliya, The salt samples from Port Sudan contained 150–360 mg iodine (KOI3)/kg salt, whereas those from Jabal Awliya had levels below the detection limit. Despite consuming salt devoid of iodine, children from Jabal Awliya had optimal iodine status. It is plausible that consumption of Nile fish from Jabal Awliya Reservoir, which is a good source of iodine and favoured by the locals, might have provided sufficient iodine. In contrast, children from Port Sudan were at higher risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism resulting from consumption of excessively iodised salt.ConclusionsThe findings of the study clearly demonstrated that (i) Sudan still has a problem with iodine nutrition and quality control and monitoring of salt iodisation and (ii) including fish in the diet could provide a sufficient amount of iodine for schoolchildren.

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