Differential influences of exercise intensity on information processing in the central nervous system

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Kamijo ◽  
Yoshiaki Nishihira ◽  
Arihiro Hatta ◽  
Takeshi Kaneda ◽  
Toshiaki Wasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Odor Perception

2012 ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Tonoike
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Though olfaction is one of the necessary senses and indispensable for the maintenance of the life of the animal, the mechanism of olfaction had not yet been understood well compared with other sensory systems such as vision and audition. However, recently, the most basic principle of “signal transduction on the reception and transmission for the odor” has been clarified. Therefore, the important next problem is how the information of odors about is processed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and how odor is perceived in the human brain. In this chapter, the basic olfactory systems in animal and human are described and examples such as “olfactory acuity, threshold, adaptation, and olfactory disorders” are discussed. The mechanism of olfactory information processing is described under the results obtained by using a few new non-invasive measuring methods. In addition, from a few recent studies, it is shown that olfactory neurophysiological information is passing through some deep central regions of the brain before finally being processed in the orbito-frontal areas.

scholarly journals PO-065 The Role and Mechanism of Endocannabinoid System in Exercise-induced Antinociception

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoqin Xu ◽  
Hong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Exercise Induced

Objective As we all know, exercise can enhance the will, improve the mood, and counteract the bad feelings of the body, but the cause and mechanism of action have not been clear. The endocannabinoid system is an important regulatory system in the central nervous system that regulates cognition, mood and behavior. Endocannabinoids can exert physiological regulation through cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed in the body and participate in the regulation of anti-nociceptive signals at multiple levels. This study will explore the role and mechanism of the endocannabinoid system in exercise-induced antinociception by literature research methods. Methods Using endocannabinoid, exercise/sports and antinociception or emotion as keywords, using Pubmed, Medline, and Embase databases to search for nearly 15 years of research literature and the literatures from cross-references of journals, after excluding the literature that is not relevant to the research content, the 12 articles included were analyzed. Results Exercise can activate the endocannabinoid system, the degree of activation is related to exercise intensity, and high-intensity exercise significantly increases endocannabinoid levels in the human body. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) are widely distributed in the nervous system including the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. When exercise activates the endocannabinoid system, the increased endocannabinoid in the circulatory system activates CB1 and CB2 receptors, promotes hyperpolarization of the nervous system cells, reduces the rate of excitable cell release, and inhibits neurotransmitters, and reduce nociceptive impulses, thereby the body produces anti-nociception. Pretreatment with endocannabinoid metabolic enzyme inhibitors (MAFP, JZL184) and endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors (VDM11) can be extended and enhanced the antinociceptive effect of exercise. Pretreatment with endocannabinoid receptor antagonists (AM251 and AM630) will inhibit the antinociception induced by aerobic exercise in mechanical and thermal nociceptive tests. Conclusions Exercise can enhance the level of circulating endocannabinoids, activate the endocannabinoid system through endocannabinoid receptors, and then induce the body to produce anti-nociceptive effects. The degree of activation is related to exercise intensity. Studying the role and mechanism of the endocannabinoid system in exercise-induced antinociception can provide a theoretical basis for exercise to improve depression, anxiety and other emotions, improve the sense of life and prevent mental disorders.

scholarly journals Astrocytic Regulation of Neural Circuits Underlying Behaviors

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Sun-Nyoung Hwang ◽  
Jae Seung Lee ◽  
Kain Seo ◽  
Hyosang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Changes

Astrocytes, characterized by a satellite-like morphology, are the most abundant type of glia in the central nervous system. Their main functions have been thought to be limited to providing homeostatic support for neurons, but recent studies have revealed that astrocytes actually actively interact with local neural circuits and play a crucial role in information processing and generating physiological and behavioral responses. Here, we review the emerging roles of astrocytes in many brain regions, particularly by focusing on intracellular changes in astrocytes and their interactions with neurons at the molecular and neural circuit levels.

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