The impact of diabetes on cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case–control field assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahshid Mostafavi ◽  
Iraj Sharifi ◽  
Gholamreza Asadikaram ◽  
Nozar Nakhaee ◽  
Sina Kakooei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Field ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Prophylactic effect of cutaneous leishmaniasis against COVID-19: A case-control field assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Bamorovat ◽  
Iraj Sharifi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian ◽  
Ali Karamoozian ◽  
Amirhossein Tahmouresi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Prophylactic Effect ◽  
Control Field ◽  
Field Assessment

scholarly journals A case control study of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak in Diyala, Iraq, 2018: how many exposed cases could we have prevented? (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaad Mahdi Asaad ◽  
Hanan Abdulghafoor Khaleel ◽  
Faris Lami ◽  
Saif Aldeen Falah Hasan ◽  
Hasanain Asmail Malick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

BACKGROUND In 2018, an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in Diyala province in Iraq. Several risk factors were identified in a prior study; however, the impact of removing modifiable risk factors on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis were not measured. OBJECTIVE This study aims to measure the impact of removing modifiable risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis on the occurrence of the disease. METHODS We conducted a population-based unmatched case-control study in two conveniently selected districts in Diyala province. All cases were included. Controls were chosen preferentially according to the site where cases occurred. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for each risk factor was calculated by using binary logistic regression. We also calculated the attributable fraction and 95% CI of the modifiable risk factors. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Data from 844 persons (cases=432, 51.2%) persons were analyzed. Cases were more likely than controls to report a history of previous displacement, electricity supply less than 12 hrs, living in rural areas, living in a clay house, having their indoor not painted, presence of rodents inside the house, having (chicken only, sheep only, and both) and (mixed, dogs and sheep, dogs and chicken) within a distance less than 100 m, fogging, bed net usage, and sleeping outside / mixed (inside and outside) than controls. Data show that 70%-80% of % cases exposure was associated with displacement, presence of rodents inside the house, and presence of animals within 100 M of the house, presence of animals (whether chicken only/sheep only/both or mixed, dogs and sheep, dogs and chicken), and sleeping outside. About 40%-50% of the exposed cases occurred because of living in a clay house, living in rural areas, having the indoor not painted, having electricity supply less than 12 hrs, and using bed net. CONCLUSIONS Prevention and control of CL requires a multifaceted approach that rely on changing environmental conditions, housing conditions, as well as human behavior. Fogging and bed net use were not effective because the underlying housing characteristics and human behavior provided a good culture for the disease.

Maternal-Fetal Management in Trombophilia Related and Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2396-2401
Author(s):  
Costin Berceanu ◽  
Elena Loredana Ciurea ◽  
Monica Mihaela Cirstoiu ◽  
Sabina Berceanu ◽  
Anca Maria Ofiteru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Pregnancy Morbidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

It is widely accepted that thrombophilia in pregnancy greatly increases the risk of venous thromboembolism. Pregnancy complications arise, at least partly, from placental insufficiency. Any change in the functioning of the gestational transient biological system, such as inherited or acquired thrombophilia, might lead to placental insufficiency. In this research we included 64 pregnant women with trombophilia and 70 cases non-trombophilic pregnant women, with or without PMPC, over a two-year period. The purpose of this multicenter case-control study is to analyze the maternal-fetal management options in obstetric thrombophilia, the impact of this pathology on the placental structure and possible correlations with placenta-mediated pregnancy complications. Maternal-fetal management in obstetric thrombophilia means preconceptional or early diagnosis, prevention of pregnancy morbidity, specific therapy as quickly as possible and fetal systematic surveilance to identify the possible occurrence of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications.

scholarly journals Film-Forming Systems for the Delivery of DNDI-0690 to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Katrien Van Bocxlaer ◽  
Kerri-Nicola McArthur ◽  
Andy Harris ◽  
Mo Alavijeh ◽  
Stéphanie Braillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sustained Drug Delivery ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
The Impact

In cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), parasites reside in the dermis, creating an opportunity for local drug administration potentially reducing adverse effects and improving treatment adherence compared to current therapies. Polymeric film-forming systems (FFSs) are directly applied to the skin and form a thin film as the solvent evaporates. In contrast to conventional topical dosage forms, FFSs strongly adhere to the skin, favouring sustained drug delivery to the affected site, reducing the need for frequent applications, and enhancing patient compliance. This study reports the first investigation of the use of film-forming systems for the delivery of DNDI-0690, a nitroimidazole compound with potent activity against CL-causing Leishmania species. A total of seven polymers with or without plasticiser were evaluated for drying time, stickiness, film-flexibility, and cosmetic attributes; three FFSs yielded a positive evaluation for all test parameters. The impact of each of these FFSs on the permeation of the model skin permeant hydrocortisone (hydrocortisone, 1% (w/v) across the Strat-M membrane was evaluated, and the formulations resulting in the highest and lowest permeation flux (Klucel LF with triethyl citrate and Eudragit RS with dibutyl sebacate, respectively) were selected as the FFS vehicle for DNDI-0690. The release and skin distribution of the drug upon application to Leishmania-infected and uninfected BALB/c mouse skin were examined using Franz diffusion cells followed by an evaluation of the efficacy of both DNDI-0690 FFSs (1% (w/v)) in an experimental CL model. Whereas the Eudragit film resulted in a higher permeation of DNDI-0690, the Klucel film was able to deposit four times more drug into the skin, where the parasite resides. Of the FFSs formulations, only the Eudragit system resulted in a reduced parasite load, but not reduced lesion size, when compared to the vehicle only control. Whereas drug delivery into the skin was successfully modulated using different FFS systems, the FFS systems selected were not effective for the topical application of DNDI-0690. The convenience and aesthetic of FFS systems alongside their ability to modulate drug delivery to and into the skin merit further investigation using other promising antileishmanial drugs.

scholarly journals Relation of severe COVID-19 in Scotland to transmission-related factors and risk conditions eligible for shielding support: REACT-SCOT case-control study

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. McKeigue ◽  
David A. McAllister ◽  
David Caldwell ◽  
Ciara Gribben ◽  
Jen Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Recent Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Clinically vulnerable individuals have been advised to shield themselves during the COVID-19 epidemic. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the rate ratio of severe COVID-19 associated with eligibility for the shielding programme in Scotland across the first and second waves of the epidemic and (2) the relation of severe COVID-19 to transmission-related factors in those in shielding and the general population. Methods In a matched case-control design, all 178,578 diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in Scotland from 1 March 2020 to 18 February 2021 were matched for age, sex and primary care practice to 1,744,283 controls from the general population. This dataset (REACT-SCOT) was linked to the list of 212,702 individuals identified as eligible for shielding. Severe COVID-19 was defined as cases that entered critical care or were fatal. Rate ratios were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Results With those without risk conditions as reference category, the univariate rate ratio for severe COVID-19 was 3.21 (95% CI 3.01 to 3.41) in those with moderate risk conditions and 6.3 (95% CI 5.8 to 6.8) in those eligible for shielding. The highest rate was in solid organ transplant recipients: rate ratio 13.4 (95% CI 9.6 to 18.8). Risk of severe COVID-19 increased with the number of adults but decreased with the number of school-age children in the household. Severe COVID-19 was strongly associated with recent exposure to hospital (defined as 5 to 14 days before presentation date): rate ratio 12.3 (95% CI 11.5 to 13.2) overall. The population attributable risk fraction for recent exposure to hospital peaked at 50% in May 2020 and again at 65% in December 2020. Conclusions The effectiveness of shielding vulnerable individuals was limited by the inability to control transmission in hospital and from other adults in the household. Mitigating the impact of the epidemic requires control of nosocomial transmission.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 infection on the cytokine profile of pregnant women: A prospective case-control study

Cytokine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 155431
Author(s):  
Atakan Tanacan ◽  
Nuray Yazihan ◽  
Seyit Ahmet Erol ◽  
Ali Taner Anuk ◽  
Fatma Didem Yucel Yetiskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Prospective Case Control Study

Influence of Obesity on Clinical Manifestations and Response to Therapy in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tainã Lago ◽  
Lucas Carvalho ◽  
Mauricio Nascimento ◽  
Luiz H Guimarães ◽  
Jamile Lago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Cure Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. braziliensis is characterized by a single ulcer or multiple cutaneous lesions with raised borders. Cure rates below 60% are observed in response to meglumine antimoniate therapy. We investigated the impact of obesity on CL clinical presentation and therapeutic response. Methods A total of 90 age-matched CL patients were included (30 obese, 30 overweight and 30 with normal BMI). CL was diagnosed through documentation of L. braziliensis DNA by PCR or identification of amastigotes in biopsied skin lesion samples. Serum cytokine levels were determined by chemiluminescence. Antimony therapy with Glucantime (20mg/kg/day) was administered for 20 days. Results Obese CL patients may present hypertrophic ulcers rather than typical oval, ulcerated lesions. A direct correlation between BMI and healing time was noted. After one course of Antimony, cure was achieved in 73% of patients with normal BMI, 37% of overweight subjects, yet just 18% of obese CL patients (p&lt;0.01). Obese CL cases additionally presented higher leptin levels than overweight patients or those with normal BMI (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions Obesity modifies the clinical presentation of CL and host immune response, and is associated with greater failure to therapy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Potassium Channel Gene Polymorphisms on Antiepileptic Drug Responsiveness in Arab Patients with Epilepsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith AL-Eitan ◽  
Islam Al-Dalalah ◽  
Afrah Elshammari ◽  
Wael Khreisat ◽  
Ayah Almasri
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Channel ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Myoclonic Seizure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Drug Responsiveness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

This study aims to investigate the effects of the three potassium channel genes KCNA1, KCNA2, and KCNV2 on increased susceptibility to epilepsy as well as on responsiveness to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The pharmacogenetic and case-control cohort (n = 595) consisted of 296 epileptic patients and 299 healthy individuals. Epileptic patients were recruited from the Pediatric Neurology clinic at the Queen Rania Al Abdullah Hospital (QRAH) in Amman, Jordan. A custom platform array search for genetic association in Jordanian-Arab epileptic patients was undertaken. The MassARRAY system (iPLEX GOLD) was used to genotype seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three candidate genes (KCNA1, KCNA2, and KCNV2). Only one SNP in KCNA2, rs3887820, showed significant association with increased risk of susceptibility to generalized myoclonic seizure (p-value < 0.001). Notably, the rs112561866 polymorphism of the KCNA1 gene was non-polymorphic, but no significant association was found between the KCNA1 (rs2227910, rs112561866, and rs7974459) and KCNV2 (rs7029012, rs10967705, and rs10967728) polymorphisms and disease susceptibility or drug responsiveness among Jordanian patients. This study suggests that a significant association exists between the KCNA2 SNP rs3887820 and increased susceptibility to generalized myoclonic seizure. However, the present findings indicate that the KCNA1 and KCNV2 SNPs do not influence disease susceptibility and drug responsiveness in epileptic patients. Pharmacogenetic and case-control studies involving a multicenter and multiethnic approach are needed to confirm our results. To improve the efficacy and safety of epilepsy treatment, further studies are required to identify other genetic factors that contribute to susceptibility and treatment outcome.

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