scholarly journals Tree species, crown cover, and age as determinants of the vertical distribution of airborne LiDAR returns

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne B. Racine ◽  
Nicholas C. Coops ◽  
Jean Bégin ◽  
Mari Myllymäki
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Stand Height ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Abstract Key message We assessed even-aged stand vertical distributions of LiDAR returns and found that tree species, age, and crown cover each have a distinct pattern that together explains up to 47% of the variation. Abstract Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) provides information on the vertical structure of forest stands enabling detailed and extensive ecosystem study. The vertical structure is often summarized by scalar features and data-reduction techniques that limit the interpretation of results. Instead, we quantified the influence of three variables, species, crown cover, and age, on the vertical distribution of airborne LiDAR returns from forest stands. We studied 5428 regular, even-aged stands in Quebec (Canada) with five dominant species: balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.], paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP], white spruce (Picea glauca Moench) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We modeled the vertical distribution against the three variables using a functional general linear model and a novel nonparametric graphical test of significance. Results indicate that LiDAR returns from aspen stands had the most uniform vertical distribution. Balsam fir and white birch distributions were similar and centered at around 50% of the stand height, and black spruce and white spruce distributions were skewed to below 30% of stand height ($$p$$ p <0.001). Increased crown cover concentrated the distributions around 50% of stand height. Increasing age gradually shifted the distributions higher in the stand for stands younger than 70-years, before plateauing and slowly declining at 90–120 years. Results suggest that the vertical distributions of LiDAR returns depend on the three variables studied.

Vertical Distributions in Number of Soil Microorganism with Caragana in the Hobq of Inner Mongolia

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3581-3585
Author(s):  
Xiao Tong Wu ◽  
Ya Ting Dai ◽  
Yu Qin Shao ◽  
Jia Yin Lu ◽  
Miao Miao Hou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microorganism ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

The study investigated the vertical distribution of soil microorganism on Caragana rhizosphere at Hobq of ORDOS. The result showed that microbial vertical distribution was obvious. The order of vertical distribution in number of aerobic bacteria were 0-10cm>20-30cm>10-20cm>30-40cm, and there were significant differences between microorganisms in 0-10cm, 10-20cm and 30-40cm underground; the number of aerobic bacteria in 0-10cm underground was higher than 10-20cm, 20-30cm and 30-40cm by 1.48,1.41 and 1.86. The order of vertical distribution in number of fungi were 0-10cm>10-20cm>20-30cm>30-40cm, and there were significant differences between 0-10 cm and 20-30cm、30-40cm, and between 10-20 cm and 20-30cm、30-40cm. the number of fungi in 0-10cm underground was higher than 10-20cm, 20-30cm and 30-40cm by 1.01, 3.60 and 5.37. The order of vertical distribution in number of Actinomycetes was 0-10cm>10-20cm>20-30cm>30-40cm, and the differences between 0-10 cm and 10-20cm, 20-30cm, 30-40cm were significant; the number of Actinomycetes in 0-10cm underground was higher than 10-20cm, 20-30cm and 30-40cm by 1.54,1.66 and 2.60. The distribution and quantity of soil microorganisms might be influenced by organic matter contents.

Predicting the Vertical Distribution of Fish Populations: Analysis of Cisco, Coregonus artedii, and Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1178-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars G. Rudstam ◽  
John J. Magnuson
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Lake Mendota ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Coregonus Artedii ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

We develop a model based on fish behavior in temperature and oxygen gradients that yields quantitative predictions of the vertical distribution of a fish population throughout the water column. The model was tested against observed vertical distributions of cisco, Coregonus artedii, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens, in 1981 and 1982 from five Wisconsin lakes. In some cases, the model seemed adequate for cisco, but in most cases, they occupied a temperature lower than their final preferendum. Occupation of lower temperature is consistent with a response to less than ad libitum food rations expected in these oligotrophy to mesotrophic lakes. In Lake Mendota, which is eutrophic with an anaerobic hypolimnion, cisco occupied temperatures higher than predicted by the model. For perch distributions, avoidance of high light intensities appears important. We did not observe effects of interspecific segregation between cisco and perch in their vertical distributions beyond that expected from differences in their preferred temperatures. Deviations of actual distributions from predictions of our relatively simplistic two-factor model can be used to help identify and evaluate other important physical and biotic factors influencing vertical distributions.

scholarly journals Application of Number-Size (N-S) Fractal Model to Quantify of the Vertical Distributions of Cu and Mo in Nowchun Porphyry Deposit (Kerman, Se Iran) / Zastosowanie modelu fraktalnego n-s (liczba-rozmiar) do ilościowego określenia pionowego rozkładu Cu i Mo w złożu porfirowym (Kerman, Iran)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Daneshvar Saein ◽  
Iraj Rasa ◽  
Nematolah Rashidnejad Omran ◽  
Parviz Moarefvand ◽  
Peyman Afzal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Fractal Model ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Multimodal Distribution ◽  
Porphyry Deposit ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Determination of the vertical distribution of geochemical elemental concentrations is of fundamental importance in mineral exploration. In this paper, eight mineralized boreholes from the Nowchun Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, SE Iran, were used to identify of the vertical distribution directional properties of Cu and Mo values using number-size (N-S) fractal model. The vertical distributions of Cu and Mo in the mineralized boreholes show a positively skewed distribution in the former and a multimodal distribution in the latter types. Elemental threshold values for the mineralized boreholes were computed by fractal model and compared with the statistical methods based on the data obtained from chemical analysis of samples. Elemental distributions are not normal in these boreholes and their median equal to Cu and Mo thresholds. The results of N-S fractal analysis reveal that Cu and Mo values in mineralized boreholes are multifractals in nature. There are at least three geochemical populations for Cu and Mo in the boreholes and Cu and Mo thresholds have ranges between 0.07%-0.3% and 50-200 ppm, respectively. The results obtained by N-S fractal model were compared with geological observations in the boreholes. Major Cu and Mo enrichment correlated by monzonitic rocks and high amounts of observed Cu and Mo ores (Chalcopyrite and molybdenite) in the boreholes.

SPIDERS (ARANEAE) IN CORN FIELDS IN QUEBEC

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Provencher ◽  
Daniel Coderre ◽  
Charles D. Dondale
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Corn Fields ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Web Building ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine spider species composition and their temporal and vertical distributions in corn in southern Quebec. We sampled 30 corn plants weekly for 12 weeks from 9 July to 23 September in 1985. We found nine families, 14 genera, and 12 identifiable species. Web-building spiders were more abundant than hunting spiders. The dominant species was Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz (Tetragnathidae). Web-builders were generally found under the ear of the plant, whereas the vertical distribution of hunting spiders was more even.

Diel vertical distribution of fish larvae during the winter-mixing period in the Northwestern Mediterranean

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1243-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sabatés
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Diel Variation ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Abstract The vertical distributions of the larvae of shelf and oceanic fish species that spawn during the winter-mixing period in the Mediterranean are described from 22 vertically stratified plankton tows. Diel differences in the vertical distribution patterns in relation to physical data and potential prey abundance throughout the water column were examined. Even in absence of stratification, the larvae of the various fish species showed different patterns of vertical distribution and diel changes. The larvae of shelf-dwelling species were found in the surface layers, mainly above 50-m depth, and with some exceptions, with very little diel variation in depth distribution. Therefore, the vertical distribution of the larvae of these species coincided with the maximum concentrations of their potential food, nauplii and copepodite stages of copepods. The larvae of mesopelagic fishes showed deeper distributions in the water column and most of these species were located closer to the surface during the day than at night. Given the homogeneity of the physical characteristics throughout the water column, except for light, this behaviour may be determined not only by the higher concentration of prey in the surface layers but also by adequate light levels for feeding.

Observations on the Vertical Distribution of the Genus Acanthephyra (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the eastern North Atlantic, with particular reference to Species of the ‘purpurea’ Group.

1972 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 301-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Foxton
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
The North ◽  
Mesopelagic Zone ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Eastern North Atlantic ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Mesopelagic Species

SynopsisThe vertical distribution of pelagic decapods has been investigated at six positions, each located approximately at 10° interval of latitude between 11°N and 60°N in the eastern North Atlantic. An account of the day and night depth distribution of four mesopelagic species, Acanthephyra purpurea, A. pelagica, A. sexspinosa and A. acanthitelsonis, and four bathypelagic species, A. prionota, A. curtirostris, A. acutifrons and A. stylorostratis, is presented. The four mesopelagic species have vertical distributions which vary latitudinally in association with geographical gradients in temperature, the mesopelagic zone from about the latitude of 28°N cooling both polewards and equatorwards. It is concluded that environmental temperature is a major factor in controlling the vertical ranges of these species although other physical variables, principally light, must also be involved.A faunal boundary exists in the region of 18°N, where the North Atlantic species A. purpurea and A.pelagica are replaced by the Central and South Atlantic species A. sexspinosa and A. acanthitelsonis. The nature of the physical boundary is not clear, but it is tentatively proposed that it represents a relatively broad area where the North Atlantic Central Water and South Atlantic Central Water meet.

Research on Vertical Distribution of Water Temperature in Different Regulation Reservoirs

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3190-3197
Author(s):  
Chang Jun Qi ◽  
Yuan Zhai ◽  
Bao Hong Lu ◽  
Qing Gai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Stable Temperature ◽  
Temperature Observation ◽  
Reservoir Regulation ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Depths

The vertical distribution of the reservoir water temperature depends on the scale of the reservoir, regulation manners, as well as the hydrological and geological conditions near reservoir areas. Based on water temperature observation from three different regulation reservoirs, this paper analyses the vertical distribution of these reservoirs water temperature. The preliminary conclusions are: for multi-annual regulation reservoirs, the upper zones usually have stable temperature stratification structures, while the lower zones have constant low temperature; for annual regulation reservoirs, water temperature distribution changes with depth; for the daily regulation reservoirs with low water depths present mixed vertical distributions of water temperature.

Fire return intervals and tree species succession in the North Shore region of eastern Quebec

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1621-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Bouchard ◽  
David Pothier ◽  
Sylvie Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Succession ◽  
South Axis

We evaluated geographic variations in mean fire return intervals and postfire forest succession within a 66 497 km2 land area located in the eastern Quebec boreal forest. Fire return intervals were calculated using a time since last fire map for 1800–2000, and forest dynamics were studied by superimposing 3204 forest inventory plots onto the fire map. Mean fire return interval proved significantly shorter in the western part of the study area, at 270 years, compared with the eastern part, where it was probably more than 500 years. The two main tree species in the study area were balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.) and black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). Balsam fir abundance increased progressively as a function of time since fire, whereas black spruce abundance increased during the first 90 years after fire and then declined. Balsam fir was significantly more abundant in the southeastern portion of the study area, which we attribute to the combined limitations imposed by temperature along the north–south axis and by fire along the east–west axis. Large forest patches (i.e., ≥200 km2) dominated by early successional tree species, within a matrix of irregular black spruce – balsam fir mixtures, are an important feature of preindustrial forest landscapes in this region.

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