Abstract
Background and Aims
Endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress in intestinal epithelial cells [IECs] contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. We hypothesized that ER stress changes innate signalling in human IECs, augmenting toll-like receptor [TLR] responses and inducing pro-inflammatory changes in underlying dendritic cells [DCs].
Methods
Caco-2 cells and primary human colon-derived enteroid monolayers were exposed to ATP [control stressor] or thapsigargin [Tg] [ER stress inducer], and were stimulated with the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Cytokine release was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. ER stress markers CHOP, GRP78 and XBP1s/u were measured via quantitative PCR and Western blot. Monocyte-derived DCs [moDCs] were cultured with the IEC supernatants and their activation state was measured. Responses from enteroids derived from IBD patients and healthy control participants were compared.
Results
ER stress enhanced flagellin-induced IL-8 release from Caco-2 cells and enteroids. Moreover, conditioned media activated DCs to become pro-inflammatory, with increased expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, IL-6, IL-15 and IL-12p70 and decreased expression of CD103 and IL-10. Flagellin-induced IL-8 production correlated with DC activation, suggesting a common stress pathway. Moreover, there were distinct differences in cytokine expression and basal ER stress between IBD and healthy subject-derived enteroid monolayers, suggesting a dysregulated ER stress pathway in IBD-derived enteroids.
Conclusions
Cellular stress enhances TLR5 responses in IECs, leading to increased DC activation, indicating a previously unknown mechanistic link between epithelial ER stress and immune activation in IBD. Furthermore, dysregulated ER stress may be propagated from the intestinal epithelial stem cell niche in IBD patients.
Author Correction: Zearalenone altered the cytoskeletal structure via ER stress– autophagy– oxidative stress pathway in mouse TM4 Sertoli cells