scholarly journals The impact of preschool child and maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on mothers’ perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szép ◽  
Nadine Skoluda ◽  
Susan Schloß ◽  
Katja Becker ◽  
Ursula Pauli-Pott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Maternal Adhd

AbstractProviding care for a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with parenting stress. Moreover, adults with elevated ADHD symptoms report increased perceived stress. Despite this, it has rarely been examined whether and how child and maternal ADHD symptoms may affect maternal perceived stress and the stress-sensitive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This study therefore investigated the possible impact of child and maternal ADHD symptoms on mothers' perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol concentration (HCC), while simultaneously considering the effects of child oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) and maternal depressive symptomatology. In total, 124 mothers (35.96 ± 5.21 years) of preschool children were included. Maternal perceived stress, ADHD and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report measures. Child ADHD symptoms were assessed using an interview and questionnaires completed by mothers and teachers. Additionally, mothers provided information about their children’s ODD/CD symptoms. Hair samples were taken from mothers to assess HCC. Child and maternal ADHD, child ODD/CD, and maternal depressive symptoms accounted for 50% of the variance in perceived chronic stress (F(4, 119) = 30.24; p < 0.01), with only maternal ADHD (β = 0.52, p < 0.01) and depressive symptoms (β = 0.49, p < 0.01) being uniquely significant. Maternal ADHD symptoms did not moderate the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and maternal perceived chronic stress (b = − 0.01; SE b = 0.17; t(5, 118) = − 0.05; p = 0.96). Mother’s age became the only significant predictor of maternal HCC (β = 0.29; p < 0.01). Based on these findings, practitioners are advised to be aware of and take into account possible maternal ADHD and depressive symptomatology and perceived chronic stress when treating children diagnosed with ADHD.

Do maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms exacerbate or ameliorate the negative effect of child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on parenting?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamprini Psychogiou ◽  
Dave M. Daley ◽  
Margaret J. Thompson ◽  
Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Quality Of Parenting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maternal Adhd

AbstractThe impact of similarity in parent and child characteristics on the quality of parenting is underresearched. The current study examined the interaction between mother and child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on parenting. Two hypotheses were tested: the similarity-fit hypothesis, which predicted that parent and child similarity will improve parenting, and the similarity-misfit hypothesis, which predicted the opposite. Study 1 examined the associations between maternal and child ADHD symptoms and child-specific rearing attitudes of 95 mothers with school-aged children. In Study 2 this analysis was extended to more objective observer-rated mother–child interaction and maternal expressed emotion in 192 mothers of preschool children. Child ADHD symptoms were associated with negative maternal comments and maternal ADHD symptoms with negative expressed emotion. In both studies maternal ADHD symptoms appeared to ameliorate the effects of child ADHD symptoms on negative parenting. Parental response to children with high ADHD symptoms was more positive and affectionate when the mother also had high ADHD symptoms. The results support the similarity-fit hypothesis and highlight the importance of considering both child and maternal ADHD symptoms in studies of parenting.

scholarly journals Hair Cortisol and Its Association With Psychological Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders: A Pilot Study in Adolescent Twins

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Rietschel ◽  
Fabian Streit ◽  
Gu Zhu ◽  
Kerrie McAloney ◽  
Clemens Kirschbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Hair Samples

Measuring cortisol in hair is a promising method to assess long-term alterations of the biological stress response system, and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) may be altered in psychiatric disorders and in subjects suffering from chronic stress. However, the pattern of associations between HCC, chronic stress and mental health require clarification. Our exploratory study: (1) assessed the association between HCC and perceived stress, symptoms of depression and neuroticism, and the trait extraversion (as a control variable); and (2) made use of the twin design to estimate the genetic and environmental covariance between the variables of interest. Hair samples from 109 (74 female) subjects (age range 12–21 years, mean 15.1) including 8 monozygotic (MZ) and 21 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were analyzed. Perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale and/or the Daily Life and Stressors Scale, neuroticism, and extraversion with the NEO-Five Factor Inventory or the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and depressive symptoms with the Somatic and Psychological Health Report. We found a modest positive association between HCC and the three risk factors — perceived stress, symptoms of depression, and neuroticism (r = 0.22–0.33) — but no correlation with extraversion (-0.06). A median split revealed that the associations between HCC and risk factors were stronger (0.47–0.60) in those subjects with HCC >11.36 pg/mg. Furthermore, our results suggest that the genetic effects underlying HCC are largely shared with those that influence perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. These results of our proof of principle study warrant replication in a bigger sample but raise the interesting question of the direction of causation between these variables.

scholarly journals Depressive symptoms as a side effect of the sustained release form of methylphenidate in a 7-year-old boy with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Lakic
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Sustained Release Form ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Release Form

Introduction. Hyperkinetic disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a clinical entity consisting of a cluster of symptoms including hyperactivity, attention disorder and impulse control disorder group. In the context of ADHD etiology we may say that genetic, clinical and imaging studies point out a disruption of the brain dopamine system, which is corroborated by the clinical effectiveness of stimulant drugs, which increase extracellular dopamine in the brain. Basically, it is a biological and not psychological disorder, which is important both for the comprehension and therapeutical approach to this problem. Today, the best recommended approach regarding children with ADHD is a combination of two therapeutic modalities: pharmacotherapy and behavioral treatment. The first-choice drugs for this disorder belong to the group of sympathomimetics - psychostimulants and atomoxetine (more recently). As the firstchoice therapy, methylphenydate in sustained release form has numerous advantages. Like all drugs, methylphenidate has its unwanted side effects. Most common are: loss of appetite, weight loss, sleeping disorders, irritability, headache. These side effects are well-known and documented in the literature. By analysing the available literature we have found cases of psychiatric side effects such as: psychosis, mania, visual hallucinations, agitation, suicidal ideas. We have not found examples of ADHD in children who use increased dosage of sustained release of methylphenidate leading to depressive symptomatology. On the other side, methylphenidate may be prescribed for off-label use in treatmentresistant cases of depression. Case report. The case of a 7- year-old boy diagnosed with ADHD was on a minimal dose of sustained release form of methylphenidate. After initial titration of the drug, i.e. after raising the dose to the next level the boy developed clinical signs of depression. The treatment was ceased and depressive symptoms were withdrawed. Conclusion. Manifestation of depressive symptomatology after dose increasement of sustained release form of methylphenidate in a 7-year-old boy with ADHD represents an uncommon side effect. Precise drug activity mechanisms responsible for the appearance of these symptoms remains to be explained.

scholarly journals Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A One-Year Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8835
Author(s):  
Wen-Jiun Chou ◽  
Ray C. Hsiao ◽  
Chih-Cheng Chang ◽  
Cheng-Fang Yen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Follow Up Study

This 1-year follow-up study examined the predictive values of the demographics, depressive symptoms, stress-coping orientations, and perceived family support of caregivers as well as the internalizing, externalizing and ADHD symptoms of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at baseline on the depressive symptoms of the caregivers after 1 year. A total of four hundred caregivers of children with ADHD were recruited. The baseline levels of the caregivers’ depressive symptoms, stress-coping orientations, and perceived family support and the internalizing and externalizing problems of the children were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve Index, and the Child Behavior Checklist For Ages 6–18, respectively. Their predictions for the caregiver’s depressive symptoms 1 year after the baseline were examined using linear regression analysis. In total, 382 caregivers of children with ADHD underwent the follow-up assessment 1 year from the baseline. A marital status of being separated or divorced, less effective coping and depressive symptoms orientation, and children with internalizing problems and ADHD symptoms at baseline were positively associated with the caregivers’ depressive symptoms at follow-up, whereas the caregivers’ perceived family support and an emotion-focused coping orientation at baseline were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at follow-up. Multiple characteristics of the caregivers and children with ADHD at baseline predicted the caregivers’ depressive symptoms 1 year later.

scholarly journals The causal effects of body mass index (BMI) on childhood symptoms of depression, anxiety disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a within family Mendelian randomization study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M Hughes ◽  
Tim T Morris ◽  
Ziada Ayorech ◽  
Martin Tesli ◽  
Helga Ask ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Parental Genotype ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Multivariable Regression

Abstract Objectives: Higher BMI in childhood predicts neurodevelopmental and emotional problems, but it is unclear if these associations are causal. Previous genetic studies imply causal effects of childhood BMI on depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but these observations might also reflect effects of demography and the family environment. We used within-family Mendelian randomization, which accounts for familial effects by controlling for parental genotype, to investigate the impact of BMI on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms at age 8. Methods: This study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and uses data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN). Participants were 26,370 8-year-old children (48.7% female) born 1999-2009, together with their parents. We applied multivariable regression, classic Mendelian randomization (classic MR), and within-family Mendelian randomization (within-family MR). We report estimates of the effects of the child's own BMI, mother's BMI, and father's BMI on the child's depressive, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms, reported by mothers when the child was aged 8. Results: In multivariable regression, higher BMI was marginally associated with more depressive and ADHD symptoms, and associated with fewer anxiety symptoms, in 8-year-old children. Classic MR models implied a causal effect of children's higher BMI on higher depressive and ADHD symptoms, and to a lesser degree, lower anxiety symptoms. In within-family MR models, there was less evidence that children's own BMI affected any of these symptoms. For example, a 5kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with 0.04 standard deviations (SD) higher depressive symptoms (95% CI -0.01 to 0.09) in multivariable regression, with corresponding effect estimates of 0.41 SD (95% CI 0.10 to 0.56) in classic MR and 0.08 SD (95% CI -0.25 to 0.42) in within-family MR. Within-family MR suggested that maternal but not paternal BMI was associated with children's depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The influence of childhood BMI on depressive, anxiety and ADHD symptoms may have been overstated by MR approaches that do not account for parental genotype. Factors correlated with maternal BMI may influence offspring symptoms of depression.

Dependent Stress Mediates the Relation Between ADHD Symptoms and Depression

2020 ◽  
pp. 108705472092590
Author(s):  
Natali Rychik ◽  
Alyssa Fassett-Carman ◽  
Hannah R. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Comorbid Adhd

Objective: Depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prevalent and highly comorbid. ADHD symptoms are associated with specific dependent (i.e., self-generated) stressors in children, and there is a strong link between dependent stress and depression. Despite continued comorbidity of ADHD and depressive symptoms into adulthood, it is unknown whether stress generation mediates the relation between ADHD and subsequent depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood, a period of heightened stress. Method: We tested this mediation model in a semester-long longitudinal study of 224 college students (aged 18–23 years). We additionally tested whether this model differed between inattentive versus hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms given evidence that they vary in their relations to stress and depression. Results: Dependent stress mediated the association between total ADHD symptoms at baseline and later depressive symptoms; these effects were equivalent for inattentive versus hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest stress generation as a mechanism for increased depression in individuals with ADHD symptoms.

scholarly journals Follow up study on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder patients with and without comorbid mood disorders receiving Non Stimulant medication

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Shaker ◽  
D Helmy ◽  
A Adel ◽  
Y O M Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Stimulant Treatment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Mood Group

Abstract Article Outline Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Procedure Statistical analysis Results Discussion Conclusion References Background Irritability is common in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which is sometimes associated with Mood symptoms. Results from community samples suggest that 4.3–23.5% of those with ADHD meet Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder diagnostic criteria. The Aim of this study: To compare the prognostic outcome of ADHD symptoms in ADHD children with comorbid mood disorders compared to those without comorbid mood disorders receiving non-stimulant medication. Patients and Methods This is An observational prognostic prospective study in which two groups of ADHD patients were included in the study, group 1 includes 40 ADHD patients without comorbid mood disorders and group 2 includes 40 ADHD patients with comorbid mood disorders, they were assessed using; The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Rating scales as Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised Long Version, Pediatric behavior rating scale and Children Depression Inventory. Results ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity and inattention) were found to be improved regarding the hyperactivity in a statistically significant way in the mood group after 1 week of receiving non stimulant medications, while there was no significant change in the non-mood group, Also there was significant improvement of the inattention symptoms among the two groups after receiving non stimulant medication. Meanwhile severity of depressive symptoms showed an improvement in the mood group while there was no change in severity in the non-mood group. As regards the irritability symptoms it showed insignificant change in both groups among the two follow-ups. Conclusion There is a more significant decrease in inattention symptoms in ADHD children with comorbid mood disorder who received non-stimulant treatment for one week more than the children without comorbid mood disorder. Moreover the depressive symptoms decreases among patients with ADHD and mood disorders after one week of receiving non-stimulant treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamis Ibrahim ◽  
Wail Abouhendy ◽  
Nelly Raafat ◽  
Amira Ahmed Fouad
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Childhood Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background High rates of history of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have been found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) adults. Both, when comorbid, cause the clinical course to be unfavorable, more susceptibility to substance use, and a bad response to treatment. We planned to assess the impact of childhood ADHD symptoms on OCD adults and the effect of this on clinical characteristics and comorbidities of the disorder. Results Our cross-sectional investigation uncovered that 44% of the OCD patients had childhood ADHD symptoms. Patients with childhood ADHD manifestations with at present grown-up ADHD had more elevated amounts of depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. OCD patients with child ADHD symptoms but not continued symptoms till adulthood versus those without child ADHD symptoms had higher levels of depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness and more severe OCD symptoms. Conclusion ADHD in adults with OCD is associated with some features impairing the clinical picture including higher levels of anxiety, depression, and impulsiveness reflecting more chronic illness. A childhood history of ADHD symptoms, even if not continued till adulthood, caused more impulsiveness, more severe OCD symptoms, and more anxiety and depression comorbidity.

Epilepsi dan Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) pada Anak

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Riki Sukiandra
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Seizure Threshold ◽  
Childhood Epilepsy ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Neurologic Disturbance ◽  
Inattentive Type ◽  
Child Age

Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with childhood epilepsy. Epilepsy are themost common neurologic disturbance in child age. Children with epilepsy tend to get one or more ADHD symptoms,its related to lack of norepinephrine neurotransmitter in brain, that cause attenuate the effect of GABA and disruptionto fronto-striatal brain networks, these same brain networks are disrupted by seizures or the structural brainabnormalities that can cause seizures. Children with epilepsy especially absance, tend to get inattentive type ofADHD more than other types. Abnormalities of electro-encephalography found in inattentive type of ADHD withhigh focus activities in all lobe area. No data published that methylphenidate can lower seizure threshold or act asproconvulsant. Children with epilepsy tend to get one or more symptoms of ADHD in the following days.

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