expressed emotion
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Heriot-Maitland ◽  
Til Wykes ◽  
Emmanuelle Peters

The pathways from trauma—via dissociation—to psychosis have been thoroughly tested and evidenced, but what has received less attention has been the social pathways—via dissociation—to psychosis. Often social factors are more commonly linked to other influences, e.g., to appraisals and the creation of negative schema in cognitive models, or to unsupportive caregiving experiences where there is high “expressed emotion.” However, evidence is now emerging that negative social rank experiences, such as being excluded or shamed, may themselves have dissociative properties, which poses intriguing questions as to how trauma pathways and social pathways might interact. This article reviews the state of knowledge in trauma and social pathways to psychosis and then considers the potential mechanisms and the relationships between them, specifically (i) dissociation, (ii) attachment, and (iii) social rank. Recommendations are suggested for future modeling and testing of three-way interactions (dissociation × attachment × social rank) in the pathway from trauma to psychosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Stefan Đorić

Drawing inferences of the perceived dominance of individuals is an important process which helps to regulate social interaction. Existing research indicates that inferences of the dominance of social actors can be drawn based on various social cues, including facial expression of emotion. While perceived anger usually leads to an inference of high, and perceived sadness of low dominance, perceived happiness does not create such unambiguous impressions. To achieve a clearer image, the bases and level of perceived power, specifically reward power and expertise power, were taken into consideration, both of which could be either high or low. The study included 100 participants (women = 71), first and second year psychology students. The within subject 3x2x2 design was used with Expression (happiness vs. anger vs. sadness) x Bases of power (reward power vs. expert power) x Level of power (high vs. low). Dominance was a dependent variable operationalized through the semantic differential scale. The stimuli were photographs of faces, controlled for gender and age, which displayed the aforementioned facial expressions. In the case of reward power, a significant expressed emotion x level of power interaction emerged. In the case of expert power, there was only signifficant main effect of facial expression on dominance perception. The findings were analyzed according to the various expectations of the participants, formed during the process of socialization. It could be concluded that for more insight into the mechanism which lies at the core of the effect that facial expression of emotions has on perceived dominance, the profession of the perceived individual also needs to be taken into consideration. Key words: facial expression, bases of power, level of power, dominance


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynsey Gregg ◽  
Rachel Calam ◽  
Richard J. Drake ◽  
Lauren Wolfenden

We examined expressed emotion (EE) and attributions in parents with schizophrenia and compared them to parents without serious mental illness (SMI) in order to better understand the emotional climate of families in which a parent has schizophrenia. Parenting practices and parental reports of child behavior were also compared between the two groups. The relationship of EE to attributions was examined in each group separately. Relationships between parental mental health, EE, and attributions were explored in the parents with schizophrenia only. The Camberwell Family Interview was used to determine both EE and attributions in 20 parents with schizophrenia and 20 parents without SMI. We found that more parents with schizophrenia were rated as high EE than those without (60 and 35%, respectively) although this was not a statistically significant difference. Parents with schizophrenia demonstrated significantly more hostility and criticism toward their children than those without SMI and made more child-blaming attributions. Blame was associated with increased hostility, less warmth, and fewer positive remarks. Parental warmth was related to greater parenting self-efficacy, less harsh parenting practices, better child behavior, and a more positive parent–child relationship. We conclude that EE and attributions are potential explanatory variables to be considered in the development of preventative and early intervention strategies for families with a parent with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder. Blame and warmth are modifiable factors that could be targeted within family and parenting interventions.


Salud Mental ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ignacio Audiffred Jaramillo ◽  
Javier Eduardo García de Alba García ◽  
Ivonne García Monzón ◽  
Carlos Isaac Loza Salazar ◽  
Leticia Limón Cervantes

Introduction. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects 21 million people worldwide, and it brings about environments with high Expressed Emotion (EE) in the families of these individuals. High EE is characterized by negative evaluations, criticism, and overinvolvement of family members towards the person with schizophrenia. Objective. Recognize the relationship between the cultural agreement about the symptoms of schizophrenia and EE. Method. The study had a mixed design, with a cognitive anthropology method. The sample had a probabilistic estimate based on Weller and Romney proposal, with a competence higher than 50%, a confidence level of 95%, and 5% of type I error. The 40 participants were selected with a simple randomized probability sampling, conformed by relatives of patients from the Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME). Results. The 45% of the sample showed a high EE according to the Questionnaire for Measuring the Level of Expressed Emotion (CEEE). A single valid cultural model with statistical significance was found, in which violence was identified as the main symptom of schizophrenia. The best-informed relatives showed a lower EE (Mann-Whitney U = 1,000, p #abr# .001). Discussion and conclusion. Schizophrenia disorder has been associated with stigmas that generate rejection and fear. A total of 40% of the world’s population believe people with schizophrenia are dangerous and violent. It must be considered opportune to reconsider the use of the term “schizophrenia”, which is etymologically imprecise and supports stigmas that have excluded and defamed people with schizophrenia for more than a century.


Author(s):  
Pastryk T.V.

The article aims to explore the concepts of attitude and expressed emotion in the modern foreign and domestic Psychology.The study applies the method of theoretical comparative analysis. The common and different features of the concepts of attitude and expressed emotion were revealed according to the parameters, particularly content of the concepts, the first application, theoretical approaches and models, methods and measures of the research, subjects, objects and main features.The results of the study indicate that expressed emotion include warmth, hostility, criticism and emotional overwhelming, while attitude is represented by attitude towards self, others and the world. The results also show that attitude is deeply connected with personality’s values, while expressed emotion is mostly related to the attitude towards others. The study indicates that expressed emotion and attitude have a great impact on quality of life of the individuals with medical conditions. The results also indicate that the main features for attitude are modality (negative, positive, ambivalent), range and intensity, while the main features for expressed emotion are modality (positive, negative) and level (high, medium, low). The conclusion of the article underlines that the main problem aligned with expressed emotion study is the many of empirical results and the lack of methodological basis to generalize it. From this perspective the methodological basis for research of the category of attitude is the most appropriate. The prospects of the study are to develop the methodological basis for research of the category of attitude in the context of expressed emotion towards individuals with medical condition.Key words: expressed emotion, attitude, attitude towards self, others and the world, individuals with medical condition. Метою роботи є здійснення теоретичного зіставного аналізу конструкту емоційної експресивності та категорії ставлення в сучасній зарубіжній і вітчизняній літературі. Методом дослідження є теоретичне вивчення літератури в сукупності аналізу, синтезу та узагальнення.Результати дослідження свідчать про те, що категорія ставлення пов’язана із ціннісно-смисловою сферою особистості та визначається ставленням до себе, до інших і до світу. Виокремлено поняття експресивної емоційності як сукупності теплоти, критичності, емоційної гіперопіки та ворожості. Встановлено негативний вплив емоційної експресивності на якість життя особи з хронічними захворюваннями. З’ясовано, що наявні емпіричні дані, представлені в сучасних зарубіжних дослідженнях, важко концептуалізуються через брак єдиного методологічного підходу до дослідження емоційної експресивності, незважаючи на достатню кількість методик для її експериментального вивчення. У висновках дослідження представлено спільні й відмінні ознаки ставлення та емоційної експресивності за такими критеріями, як зміст понять, історія виникнення, теоретичні підходи й моделі, методи дослідження, суб’єкти, об’єкти, параметри. Визначено, що найважливішою відмінністю цих понять є ширший діапазон ставлення порівняно з емоційною експресивністю, а також зв’язок ставлення із ціннісно-смисловою сферою особистості. У цьому контексті вагомого значення набуває поняття самоставлення, яке слугує причиною високого рівня емоційної експресивності щодо інших. Попри можливе існування значної кількості об’єктів ставлення, у контексті нашого дослідження провідного значення набувають об’єкти здоров’я та хвороби, оскільки саме вони пов’язані з рівнем емоційної експресивності. Іншим важливим аспектом є види емоційної експресивності в межах категорії ставлення та їхні параметри. Найбільш поширеними для опису емоційної експресивності вважаються модуси та рівні, тоді як для визначення категорії ставлення оперують параметрами модусу, інтенсивності і широти. Перспективами дослідження є комплексне вивчення емоційної експресивності з виробленням методологічних засад дослідження та з огляду на вивчення категорії ставлення, а також підходи рис особистості, каузальної атрибуції і діатезного стресу.Ключові слова: емоційна експресивність, ставлення, ставлення до себе, ставлення до інших, ставлення до світу, особи з хронічними захворюваннями.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bérénice Delor ◽  
Fabien D’Hondt ◽  
Pierre Philippot

This study investigates how asymmetry, expressed emotion, and sex of the expresser impact the perception of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) in terms of perceived genuineness. Thirty-five undergraduate women completed a task using chimeric stimuli with artificial human faces. They were required to judge whether the expressed emotion was genuinely felt. The results revealed that (a) symmetrical faces are judged as more genuine than asymmetrical faces and (b) EFEs’ decoding is modulated by complex interplays between emotion and sex of the expresser.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
NM Rath ◽  
Satyakam Mohapatra

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110502
Author(s):  
Sue M Cotton ◽  
Jennifer K Betts ◽  
Dina Eleftheriadis ◽  
Kate Filia ◽  
Mirra Seigerman ◽  
...  

Objective: Caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness often experience significant negative experiences of care, which can be associated with higher levels of expressed emotion. Expressed emotion is potentially a modifiable target early in the course of illness, which might improve outcomes for caregivers and patients. However, expressed emotion and caregiver experiences in the early stages of disorders might be moderated by the type of severe mental illness. The aim was to determine whether experiences of the caregiver role and expressed emotion differ in caregivers of young people with first-episode psychosis versus young people with ‘first-presentation’ borderline personality disorder features. Method: Secondary analysis of baseline (pre-treatment) data from three clinical trials focused on improving caregiver outcomes for young people with first-episode psychosis and young people with borderline personality disorder features was conducted (ACTRN12616000968471, ACTRN12616000304437, ACTRN12618000616279). Caregivers completed self-report measures of experiences of the caregiver role and expressed emotion. Multivariate generalised linear models and moderation analyses were used to determine group differences. Results: Data were available for 265 caregivers. Higher levels of negative experiences and expressed emotion, and stronger correlations between negative experiences and expressed emotion domains, were found in caregivers of young people with borderline personality disorder than first-episode psychosis. Caregiver group (borderline personality disorder, first-episode psychosis) moderated the relationship between expressed emotion and caregiver experiences in the domains of need to provide backup and positive personal experiences. Conclusion: Caregivers of young people with borderline personality disorder experience higher levels of negative experiences related to their role and expressed emotion compared with caregivers of young people with first-episode psychosis. The mechanisms underpinning associations between caregiver experiences and expressed emotion differ between these two caregiver groups, indicating that different supports are needed. For borderline personality disorder caregivers, emotional over-involvement is associated with both negative and positive experiences, so a more detailed understanding of the nature of emotional over-involvement for each relationship is required to guide action.


Author(s):  
Adrian Fanucci-Kiss ◽  
Alexandra C. Palmer ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Steven Hodge ◽  
David Cochran ◽  
...  

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