scholarly journals Follow up study on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder patients with and without comorbid mood disorders receiving Non Stimulant medication

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Shaker ◽  
D Helmy ◽  
A Adel ◽  
Y O M Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Stimulant Treatment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Mood Group

Abstract Article Outline Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Procedure Statistical analysis Results Discussion Conclusion References Background Irritability is common in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which is sometimes associated with Mood symptoms. Results from community samples suggest that 4.3–23.5% of those with ADHD meet Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder diagnostic criteria. The Aim of this study: To compare the prognostic outcome of ADHD symptoms in ADHD children with comorbid mood disorders compared to those without comorbid mood disorders receiving non-stimulant medication. Patients and Methods This is An observational prognostic prospective study in which two groups of ADHD patients were included in the study, group 1 includes 40 ADHD patients without comorbid mood disorders and group 2 includes 40 ADHD patients with comorbid mood disorders, they were assessed using; The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Rating scales as Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised Long Version, Pediatric behavior rating scale and Children Depression Inventory. Results ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity and inattention) were found to be improved regarding the hyperactivity in a statistically significant way in the mood group after 1 week of receiving non stimulant medications, while there was no significant change in the non-mood group, Also there was significant improvement of the inattention symptoms among the two groups after receiving non stimulant medication. Meanwhile severity of depressive symptoms showed an improvement in the mood group while there was no change in severity in the non-mood group. As regards the irritability symptoms it showed insignificant change in both groups among the two follow-ups. Conclusion There is a more significant decrease in inattention symptoms in ADHD children with comorbid mood disorder who received non-stimulant treatment for one week more than the children without comorbid mood disorder. Moreover the depressive symptoms decreases among patients with ADHD and mood disorders after one week of receiving non-stimulant treatment.

scholarly journals The impact of preschool child and maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on mothers’ perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szép ◽  
Nadine Skoluda ◽  
Susan Schloß ◽  
Katja Becker ◽  
Ursula Pauli-Pott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Maternal Adhd

AbstractProviding care for a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with parenting stress. Moreover, adults with elevated ADHD symptoms report increased perceived stress. Despite this, it has rarely been examined whether and how child and maternal ADHD symptoms may affect maternal perceived stress and the stress-sensitive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This study therefore investigated the possible impact of child and maternal ADHD symptoms on mothers' perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol concentration (HCC), while simultaneously considering the effects of child oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) and maternal depressive symptomatology. In total, 124 mothers (35.96 ± 5.21 years) of preschool children were included. Maternal perceived stress, ADHD and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report measures. Child ADHD symptoms were assessed using an interview and questionnaires completed by mothers and teachers. Additionally, mothers provided information about their children’s ODD/CD symptoms. Hair samples were taken from mothers to assess HCC. Child and maternal ADHD, child ODD/CD, and maternal depressive symptoms accounted for 50% of the variance in perceived chronic stress (F(4, 119) = 30.24; p < 0.01), with only maternal ADHD (β = 0.52, p < 0.01) and depressive symptoms (β = 0.49, p < 0.01) being uniquely significant. Maternal ADHD symptoms did not moderate the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and maternal perceived chronic stress (b = − 0.01; SE b = 0.17; t(5, 118) = − 0.05; p = 0.96). Mother’s age became the only significant predictor of maternal HCC (β = 0.29; p < 0.01). Based on these findings, practitioners are advised to be aware of and take into account possible maternal ADHD and depressive symptomatology and perceived chronic stress when treating children diagnosed with ADHD.

Atomoxetine versus Methylphenidate in Paediatric Outpatients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison Trial

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Wang ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Yasong Du ◽  
Dong H. Song ◽  
Yee-Jin Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
End Point ◽  
Blind Comparison

Objective: To (i) test whether atomoxetine is non-inferior to methylphenidate in treating symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in paediatric patients; and (ii) determine the tolerability of the two drugs. Method: This double-blind study was conducted in 6- to 16-year-old outpatients with ADHD (DSM-IV) in China, Korea and Mexico (January–October 2004). Patients were randomly assigned to once-daily atomoxetine (0.8–1.8 mg kg−1 day−1; n = 164) or twice-daily methylphenidate (0.2–0.6 mg kg−1 day−1; n = 166) for ∼8 weeks. Primary efficacy assessment was the comparison of response rates (≥40% reduction from baseline to end point in total score) on the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version: Investigator-Administered and -Scored. Tolerability measures included, but were not limited to, the assessment of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and weight. Results: Atomoxetine was non-inferior to methylphenidate in improving ADHD symptoms based on response rates (atomoxetine, 77.4%; methylphenidate, 81.5%; one-sided 95% lower confidence limit = −11.7%, p = 0.404). Treatment-emergent adverse effects experienced significantly more frequently in the atomoxetine group, compared with the methylphenidate group, included anorexia (37.2% vs. 25.3%; p = 0.024), nausea (20.1% vs. 10.2%; p = 0.014), somnolence (26.2% vs. 3.6%; p <0.001), dizziness (15.2% vs. 7.2%; p = 0.024) and vomiting (11.6% vs. 3.6%; p = 0.007), most of which were of mild or moderate severity. Atomoxetine-treated patients experienced a small but significantly greater mean weight loss from baseline to end point than methylphenidate-treated patients (−1.2 kg vs. −0.4 kg; p <0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that atomoxetine is non-inferior to methylphenidate in the improvement of ADHD symptoms in paediatric outpatients. Although both of the drugs were well tolerated, atomoxetine was associated with a higher incidence of TEAEs than methylphenidate.

Incidence of Internet addiction in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S396-S397
Author(s):  
B. Tuzun Mutluer ◽  
T.G. Yener Orum ◽  
S. Sertcelik
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Dsm Iv

ObjectiveIn this study, it was aimed to determine the internet use properties of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients who were followed-up at Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department; ADHD Outpatient Clinic.MethodThirty participants who were diagnosed with adult ADHD aged between 18–31 years rated their ADHD symptoms in childhood retrospectively, using Wender Utah Rating Scale. Patients rated current adult ADHD symptoms with the Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale (DSRS) and severity of symptoms measured by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Internet addiction (IA) was assessed with Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). It was determined that, none of 30 Adult ADHD patients have been diagnosed with IA.29 of patient have moderate internet use although 1 of patients have risky internet use. The results revealed that total ASRS score (P = 0.020), total Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based DSRS score (P = 0.036) and the Attention Deficit related properties subscale total score (P = 0.042) were significantly correlated with the IAS total score. Subscale of the self-report scales including; failing to finish schoolworks, chores, or duties at workplace, difficulty of following through on instructions (P = 0.017), restiveness; impaired inhibitory performance (P = 0.017), feeling not confident (P = 0.017), difficulty of managing time (P = 0.047), failing to give close attention to details or making careless mistakes (P = 0.037) are closely relevant to IAS total score.ResultIn conclusion, clinical features, which are characteristic of Adult ADHD could have same shared etiology with IA. Furthermore, ADHD patients are more likely to have an IA diagnosis. However, it was thought that this result had to be supported with studies including larger samples.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The effect of phosphatidylserine containing Omega3 fatty-acids on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial, followed by an open-label extension

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Manor ◽  
A. Magen ◽  
D. Keidar ◽  
S. Rosen ◽  
H. Tasker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Open Label Extension ◽  
To Receive

AbstractObjectiveTo study the efficacy and safety of phosphatidylserine (PS) containing Omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids attached to its backbone (PS-Omega3) in reducing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children.MethodA 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase followed by an open-label extension of additional 15 weeks. Two hundred ADHD children were randomized to receive either PS-Omega3 or placebo, out of them, 150 children continued into the extension. Efficacy was assessed using Conners’ parent and teacher rating scales (CRS-P,T), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). Safety evaluation included adverse events monitoring.ResultsThe key finding of the double-blind phase was the significant reduction in the Global:Restless/impulsive subscale of CRS-P and the significant improvement in Parent impact-emotional (PE) subscale of the CHQ, both in the PS-Omega3 group. Exploratory subgroup analysis of children with a more pronounced hyperactive/impulsive behavior, as well as mood and behavior-dysregulation, revealed a significant reduction in the ADHD-Index and hyperactive components. Data from the open-label extension indicated sustained efficacy for children who continued to receive PS-Omega3. Children that switched to PS-Omega3 treatment from placebo showed a significant reduction in subscales scores of both CRS-P and the CRS-T, as compare to baseline scores. The treatment was well tolerated.ConclusionsThe results of this 30-week study suggest that PS-Omega3 may reduce ADHD symptoms in children. Preliminary analysis suggests that this treatment may be especially effective in a subgroup of hyperactive-impulsive, emotionally and behaviorally-dysregulated ADHD children.

Aripiprazole in Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Comorbid with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Open Clinical Trial

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 758-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silzá Tramontina ◽  
Cristian Patrick Zeni ◽  
Gabriel Ferreira Pheula ◽  
Carla Ketzer de Souza ◽  
Luis Augusto Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Young Mania ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACTIntroductionJuvenile bipolar disorder (JBD) is a highly impairing chronic mental health condition that affects children and adolescents' overall functioning. Comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is extremely prevalent and may determine worse response to treatment. Few investigations have addressed the use of recent atypical antipsychotics in JBD, although several guidelines suggest their use.MethodsWe conducted a 6-week open trial with aripiprazole in 10 children and adolescents with JBD comorbid with ADHD to assess impact on mania and ADHD symptoms, respectively, by means of the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Scale, as well as on global functioning (Clinical Global Impressions–Severity), and adverse events.ResultsSignificant improvement in global functioning scores (F=3.17, P=.01, effect size=0.55), manic symptoms (F=5.63, P<.01; ES=0.93), and ADHD symptoms (t=3.42, P<.01; ES=1.05) were detected. Although an overall positive tolerability was reported, significant weight gain (F=3.07, P=.05) was observed.ConclusionAripiprazole was effective in improving mania and ADHD symptoms, but neither JBD nor ADHD symptom remission was observed in most of the cases. Randomized placebo-controlled trials for JBD and ADHD are needed.

scholarly journals Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A One-Year Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8835
Author(s):  
Wen-Jiun Chou ◽  
Ray C. Hsiao ◽  
Chih-Cheng Chang ◽  
Cheng-Fang Yen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Follow Up Study

This 1-year follow-up study examined the predictive values of the demographics, depressive symptoms, stress-coping orientations, and perceived family support of caregivers as well as the internalizing, externalizing and ADHD symptoms of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at baseline on the depressive symptoms of the caregivers after 1 year. A total of four hundred caregivers of children with ADHD were recruited. The baseline levels of the caregivers’ depressive symptoms, stress-coping orientations, and perceived family support and the internalizing and externalizing problems of the children were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve Index, and the Child Behavior Checklist For Ages 6–18, respectively. Their predictions for the caregiver’s depressive symptoms 1 year after the baseline were examined using linear regression analysis. In total, 382 caregivers of children with ADHD underwent the follow-up assessment 1 year from the baseline. A marital status of being separated or divorced, less effective coping and depressive symptoms orientation, and children with internalizing problems and ADHD symptoms at baseline were positively associated with the caregivers’ depressive symptoms at follow-up, whereas the caregivers’ perceived family support and an emotion-focused coping orientation at baseline were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at follow-up. Multiple characteristics of the caregivers and children with ADHD at baseline predicted the caregivers’ depressive symptoms 1 year later.

624 The association of circadian rhythms with cognitive functioning in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A245-A245
Author(s):  
Xiao Li ◽  
Ka Sin Caroline Shea ◽  
Ching Kwong Dino Wong ◽  
Waiyan Vivian Chiu ◽  
Lok Fan Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Rest Activity

Abstract Introduction Disrupted circadian rhythms is associated with impaired cognitive function. Although circadian rhythm disturbances are commonly seen in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whether their cognitive functioning is thus affected remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations of circadian-related parameters with different cognitive abilities in children with ADHD. Methods Fifty-seven children with ADHD were recruited into this study (age range: 6–12 years, 66.7% male). They were assessed by parent-report questionnaires on sleep problems (Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, CSHQ), and ADHD symptoms (Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviour Scale). Actigraphic data collected for seven consecutive days were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric methods. Cognitive functioning was assessed with Continuous Performance Test (CPT) for sustained attention, Letter-digit test for processing speed, Digit Span test and N-back task for working memory, Tower of London test for planning skills and Bergs Card Sorting Test for set-shifting ability. The relationship between circadian parameters and cognitive performance was analyzed using multiple regression while controlling for age, sex, ADHD medication, the day of cognitive assessment (school days vs non-school days), total sleep time, and CSHQ total score. Results Increased activity during the most active 10-h period of the day (St. β = 0.39, p = 0.012) was related to more omission errors on CPT, and later onset of the least active 5-h period of the day (St. β = 0.44, p = 0.004) was associated with longer correct reaction time on CPT. Lower relative amplitude was associated with poorer performance on Digit Span (St. β = 0.33, p = 0.042). No significant associations were found between the circadian-related parameters and the performance on other tasks measuring processing speed and executive functions. Conclusion Circadian rest-activity rhythms (blunted rest-activity rhythms, higher daytime activity, and later onset of nocturnal rest) were associated with cognitive functioning in ADHD children. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore the long-term impact of circadian rhythm disturbances and the effects of circadian-focused intervention on cognitive functioning in ADHD children. Support (if any) This work was supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund (Project No.: 30160604).

Reduction in Children's Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder during Individual Tutoring as Compared with Classroom Instruction

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Strayhorn ◽  
Donna D. Bickel
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Classroom Behavior ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Children who display symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in classrooms are reputed to display fewer symptoms in one-on-one interaction. We tested this hypothesis with children who received individual tutoring for reading and behavior problems. We selected 30 children whose teacher-rated ADHD symptoms fit a pattern consistent with DSM criteria for the diagnosis. Teachers rated the frequency of symptoms in classrooms before and after tutoring. Tutors rated the frequency of the same behaviors during individual tutoring sessions. Children's ADHD symptoms, as well as oppositional symptoms, were significantly lower in the tutoring sessions than in the classrooms. The effect sizes for the difference between behavior in classrooms and in individual tutoring ranged from 0.7 to 2.5 standard deviations. These effect sizes appear as large as those reported for the effect of stimulant medication on ADHD symptoms. All 30 children at preintervention fit the pattern for ADHD using teachers' ratings of classroom behavior; 87% of them did not meet those DSM criteria using tutors' ratings of behavior in individual sessions. The confound of different raters for the two different settings must be resolved by another study with a new design.

Interrogative suggestibility, compliance and false confessions among prisoners and their relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1037-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gudjonsson ◽  
J. F. Sigurdsson ◽  
O. O. Bragason ◽  
A. K. Newton ◽  
E. Einarsson
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
False Confession ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Interrogative Suggestibility ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Prisoners

BackgroundInterrogative suggestibility and compliance are important psychological vulnerabilities during interrogation. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of suggestibility and compliance with childhood and current symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compliance has not been studied previously in relation to ADHD. A further aim was to investigate the relationship between ADHD and the reporting of having made a false confession to the police.MethodThe participants were 90 male prisoners, all of whom had completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility and Compliance Scales (GSS and GCS) within 10 days of admission to the prison. Childhood ADHD symptoms were screened by the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and current adult symptoms by the DSM-IV Checklist criteria for ADHD.ResultsHalf of the prisoners (50%) were found on screening to meet criteria for ADHD in childhood and, of those, over half (60%) were either fully symptomatic or in partial remission of their symptoms. ADHD symptoms were found to be significantly associated with compliance, but not with suggestibility. The relationship with compliance was stronger (effect size) in relation to current than childhood symptoms. The ADHD symptomatic groups were significantly more likely to claim that they had made a false confession to the police in the past.ConclusionsThe findings raise important questions about the potential vulnerability of adults with ADHD symptoms in terms of their ability to cope with interrogation.

scholarly journals The causal effects of body mass index (BMI) on childhood symptoms of depression, anxiety disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a within family Mendelian randomization study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M Hughes ◽  
Tim T Morris ◽  
Ziada Ayorech ◽  
Martin Tesli ◽  
Helga Ask ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Parental Genotype ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Multivariable Regression

Abstract Objectives: Higher BMI in childhood predicts neurodevelopmental and emotional problems, but it is unclear if these associations are causal. Previous genetic studies imply causal effects of childhood BMI on depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but these observations might also reflect effects of demography and the family environment. We used within-family Mendelian randomization, which accounts for familial effects by controlling for parental genotype, to investigate the impact of BMI on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms at age 8. Methods: This study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and uses data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN). Participants were 26,370 8-year-old children (48.7% female) born 1999-2009, together with their parents. We applied multivariable regression, classic Mendelian randomization (classic MR), and within-family Mendelian randomization (within-family MR). We report estimates of the effects of the child's own BMI, mother's BMI, and father's BMI on the child's depressive, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms, reported by mothers when the child was aged 8. Results: In multivariable regression, higher BMI was marginally associated with more depressive and ADHD symptoms, and associated with fewer anxiety symptoms, in 8-year-old children. Classic MR models implied a causal effect of children's higher BMI on higher depressive and ADHD symptoms, and to a lesser degree, lower anxiety symptoms. In within-family MR models, there was less evidence that children's own BMI affected any of these symptoms. For example, a 5kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with 0.04 standard deviations (SD) higher depressive symptoms (95% CI -0.01 to 0.09) in multivariable regression, with corresponding effect estimates of 0.41 SD (95% CI 0.10 to 0.56) in classic MR and 0.08 SD (95% CI -0.25 to 0.42) in within-family MR. Within-family MR suggested that maternal but not paternal BMI was associated with children's depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The influence of childhood BMI on depressive, anxiety and ADHD symptoms may have been overstated by MR approaches that do not account for parental genotype. Factors correlated with maternal BMI may influence offspring symptoms of depression.

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