scholarly journals Correction to: Long‑term climatic water availability trends and variability across the African continent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Onyutha
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
African Continent

scholarly journals Contribution of changing precipitation and climatic oscillations in explaining variability of water extents of large reservoirs in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrar ul Hassan Akhtar ◽  
H. Athar
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Climatic Oscillations ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Storage Reservoirs ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Models

AbstractMajor threat that Pakistan faces today is water scarcity and any significant change in water availability from storage reservoirs coupled with below normal precipitation threatens food security of more than 207 million people. Two major reservoirs of Tarbela and Mangla on Indus and Jhelum rivers are studied. Landsat satellite’s data are used to estimate the water extents of these reservoirs during 1981–2017. A long-term significant decrease of 15–25% decade−1 in water extent is found for Tarbela as compared to 37–70% decade−1 for Mangla, mainly during March to June. Significant water extents reductions are observed in the range of −23.9 to −53.4 km2 (1991–2017) and −63.1 to −52.3 km2 (2001–2010 and 2011–2017) for Tarbela and Mangla, respectively. The precipitation amount and areas receiving this precipitation show a significant decreasing trend of −4.68 to −8.40 mm year−1 and −358.1 to −309.9 km2 year−1 for basins of Mangla and Tarbela, respectively. The precipitation and climatic oscillations are playing roles in variability of water extents. The ensuing multiple linear regression models predict water extents with an average error of 13% and 16% for Tarbela and Mangla, respectively.

Plasticity in gas-exchange physiology of mature Scots pine and European larch drive short- and long-term adjustments to changes in water availability

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1972-1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. Feichtinger ◽  
Rolf T.W. Siegwolf ◽  
Arthur Gessler ◽  
Nina Buchmann ◽  
Mathieu Lévesque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Short And Long Term

Growth responses of ponderosa pine to long-term exposure to ozone, wet and dry acidic deposition, and drought

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Temple ◽  
George H. Riechers ◽  
Paul R. Miller ◽  
Robert W. Lennox
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Growth Responses

A 3-year field study of the cumulative effects of ozone (O3), wet and dry acidic deposition, and soil water availability was conducted on ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) in the Sierra Nevada of California from 1988 to 1990. Thirty-six 2-year-old potted seedlings were placed in each of 30 chambers and exposed from May through October to three levels of O3 (charcoal-filtered (CF), nonfiltered (NF), and NF plus 1.5 times ambient O3 (NF150)); three levels of acidity in simulated rain (pH 3.5, 4.4, 5.3); two levels of dry deposition (60 or 90% filtration), and two levels of soil water availability (well watered (WW) or drought stressed (DS)). An additional six plots served as ambient air (AA) controls. One-third (432) of the trees were harvested at the end of each exposure season. Low soil water availability was the only stress factor to significantly affect growth following the first exposure season. After the second season, O3 significantly reduced foliar biomass in WW–NF150 trees, but DS seedlings did not respond to O3. After 3 years of exposure, WW–NF150 trees averaged 70% loss of 1988 needles and 48% loss of 1989 foliage. Ozone-injured seedlings compensated for these losses by increased growth of current-year needles and stems and also increased growth of fine feeder roots. Radial stem growth and coarse-root growth were significantly reduced in O3-injured trees. DS trees in NF150 chambers averaged half the needle loss of WW trees and showed no reduction in radial growth in response to O3. Rain pH and dry deposition had no direct effects on growth of ponderosa pine. These cumulative responses to interacting stresses indicate the importance of multifactorial, long-term studies to evaluate forest tree responses to atmospheric deposition.

scholarly journals La planificación como impulsora de la evolución socioeconómica y el desarrollo local de Torre Pacheco (Murcia) = Planning as a Driver of Socio-Economic Evolution and Local Development of Torre Pacheco (Murcia)

2020 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Mercedes Millán Escriche
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Evolution ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
Estudio De Caso

El municipio de Torre Pacheco ha conocido una significativa evolución en las últimas décadas, tanto desde el punto de vista territorial como socioeconómico. El principal objetivo de esta aportación es comprobar qué tipo de actuaciones han contribuido a modificar la tendencia de declive que compartía con otros espacios rurales. Junto al estudio de caso, se ha recurrido a una metodología no experimental, exploratoria y descriptiva de tipo cualitativo, sin renunciar al soporte de las estadísticas necesarias que cuantifiquen y apoyen determinados aspectos. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de relieve los beneficios alcanzados en Torre Pacheco mediante el incremento de su disponibilidad hídrica, a partir de la aplicación de estrategias de planificación llevadas a cabo con un horizonte temporal de largo plazo.Abstract The municipality of Torre Pacheco has undergone a significant evolution in recent decades, both from the territorial and socioeconomic point of view. The main objective of this contribution is to verify what type of actions has contributed to modifying the trend of decline that it shared with other rural areas.Along with the case study, a non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive methodology of a qualitative type has been used, without renouncing the support of the necessary statistics that quantify and support certain aspects. The results obtained highlight the benefits achieved in Torre Pacheco by increasing its water availability, through the application of planning strategies carried out with a long-term time horizon.

scholarly journals Soil water repellency influences maize yield by changing soil water availability under long-term tillage management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengping Li ◽  
Guopeng Liang ◽  
Xueping Wu ◽  
Jinjing Lu ◽  
Erwan Plougonven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Water Sorptivity

Abstract. Drought is increasingly common due to frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, which further increases soil water repellency (SWR) and influences grain yield. Conservation agriculture is playing a vital role in attaining high food security and it could also increase SWR. However, the relationship between SWR and grain yield under conservation agriculture is still not fully understood. We studied the impact of SWR in 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–20 cm layers during three growth periods on grain yield from a soil water availability perspective using a long-term field experiment. In particular, we assessed the effect of SWR on soil water content under two rainfall events with different rainfall intensities. Three treatments were conducted: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT). The results showed that the water repellency index (RI) of NT and RT treatments in 0–20 cm layers was increased by 12.9 %–39.9 % and 5.7 %–18.2 % compared to CT treatment during the three growth periods, respectively. The effect of the RI on soil water content became more obvious with the decrease in soil moisture following rainfall, which was also influenced by rainfall intensity. The RI played a prominent role in increasing soil water storage during the three growth periods compared to the soil total porosity, penetration resistance, mean weight diameter, and organic carbon content. Furthermore, although the increment in the RI under NT treatment increased the soil water storage, grain yield was not influenced by RI (p > 0.05) because the grain yield under NT treatment was mainly driven by penetration resistance and least limiting water range (LLWR). The higher water sorptivity increased LLWR and water use efficiency, which further increased the grain yield under RT treatment. Overall, SWR, which was characterized by water sorptivity and RI, had the potential to influence grain yield by changing soil water availability (e.g. LLWR and soil water storage) and RT treatment was the most effective tillage management compared to CT and NT treatments in improving grain yield.

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