Cortisol enhances citrulline synthesis from proline in enterocytes of suckling piglets

The synthesis of citrulline from glutamine was quantified in enterocytes from pre-weaning (14-21 days old) and post-weaning (29-58 days old) pigs. The cells were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0, 0.5, 2 and 5 mM glutamine. Oxygen consumption was linear during the 30 min incubation period. The rates of citrulline synthesis were low or negligible in enterocytes from 14-21-day-old pigs, but increased 10-20-fold in the cells from 29-58-day-old pigs. This marked elevation of citrulline synthesis coincided with an increase in the activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase with the animal's post-weaning growth. In contrast, decreases in the activities of phosphate-dependent glutaminase, ornithine aminotransferase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthase were observed as the age of the pigs increased. The concentrations of carbamoyl phosphate in enterocytes from pre-weaning pigs were higher than, or similar to, those in the cells from post-weaning pigs. It is possible that the low rate of citrulline synthesis from glutamine in enterocytes from pre-weaning pigs was due to a limited availability of ornithine, rather than that of carbamoyl phosphate. We suggest that this limited availability of ornithine in pre-weaning-pig enterocytes results from (i) the low rate of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthesis from glutamate, due to the low activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, and (ii) the competitive conversion of pyrroline-5-carboxylate into proline. Our present findings on the developmental aspect of citrulline synthesis in pig enterocytes may offer a biochemical mechanism for the previous observations that arginine is a nutritionally essential amino acid for suckling piglets, but not for adult pigs.

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IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATION OF HEAT FLOOR FOR HEAT OF Suckling piglets

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» (ITSE-2018) ◽

10.23947/itno.2018.1.106-109 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

V. Khlystunov ◽

◽

A. Tokarev ◽

S. Panchenko ◽

V. Tynyanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Method Of Calculation ◽

Suckling Piglets

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Metagenomic Analysis of the Fecal Archaeome in Suckling Piglets Following Perinatal Tulathromycin Metaphylaxis

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1825

Author(s):

Mohamed Zeineldin ◽

Ameer Megahed ◽

Benjamin Blair ◽

Brian Aldridge ◽

James Lowe

Keyword(s):

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Suckling Piglets ◽

And Function ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

The gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in swine health and wellbeing, but the gut archaeome structure and function in swine remain largely unexplored. To date, no metagenomics-based analysis has been done to assess the impact of an early life antimicrobials intervention on the gut archaeome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of perinatal tulathromycin (TUL) administration on the fecal archaeome composition and diversity in suckling piglets using metagenomic sequencing analysis. Sixteen litters were administered one of two treatments (TUL; 2.5 mg/kg IM and control (CONT); saline 1cc IM) soon after birth. Deep fecal swabs were collected from all piglets on days 0 (prior to treatment), 5, and 20 post intervention. Each piglet’s fecal archaeome was composed of rich and diverse communities that showed significant changes over time during the suckling period. At the phylum level, 98.24% of the fecal archaeome across all samples belonged to Euryarchaeota. At the genus level, the predominant archaeal genera across all samples were Methanobrevibacter (43.31%), Methanosarcina (10.84%), Methanococcus (6.51%), and Methanocorpusculum (6.01%). The composition and diversity of the fecal archaeome between the TUL and CONT groups at the same time points were statistically insignificant. Our findings indicate that perinatal TUL metaphylaxis seems to have a minimal effect on the gut archaeome composition and diversity in sucking piglets. This study improves our current understanding of the fecal archaeome structure in sucking piglets and provides a rationale for future studies to decipher its role in and impact on host robustness during this critical phase of production.

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Porcine teschovirus, sapelovirus, and enterovirus in Swiss pigs: multiplex RT-PCR investigation of viral frequencies and disease association

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/10406387211025827 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104063872110258

Author(s):

Tamara Stäubli ◽

Charlotte I. Rickli ◽

Paul R. Torgerson ◽

Cornel Fraefel ◽

Julia Lechmann

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Common Finding ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

High Frequencies ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Suckling Piglets ◽

Porcine Teschovirus ◽

Fattening Pigs ◽

Pathology Data

Porcine teschovirus (PTV), sapelovirus (PSV-A), and enterovirus (EV-G) are enteric viruses that can infect pigs and wild boars worldwide. The viruses have been associated with several diseases, primarily gastrointestinal, neurologic, reproductive, and respiratory disorders, but also with subclinical infections. However, for most serotypes, proof of a causal relationship between viral infection and clinical signs is still lacking. In Switzerland, there has been limited investigation of the occurrence of the 3 viruses. We used a modified multiplex reverse-transcription PCR protocol to study the distribution of the viruses in Swiss pigs by testing 363 fecal, brain, and placental or abortion samples from 282 healthy and diseased animals. We did not detect the 3 viruses in 94 placental or abortion samples or in 31 brain samples from healthy pigs. In brain tissue of 81 diseased pigs, we detected 5 PSV-A and 4 EV-G positive samples. In contrast, all 3 viruses were detected at high frequencies in fecal samples of both healthy and diseased pigs. In healthy animals, PTV was detected in 47%, PSV-A in 51%, and EV-G in 70% of the 76 samples; in diseased animals, frequencies in the 81 samples were 54%, 64%, and 68%, respectively. The viruses were detected more frequently in fecal samples from weaned and fattening pigs compared to suckling piglets and sows. Co-detections of all 3 viruses were the most common finding. Based on clinical and pathology data, statistical analysis yielded no evidence for an association of virus detection and disease. Further research is required to determine if pathogenicity is linked to specific serotypes of these viruses.

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Author Correction: Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius isolated from feces of fast-growing pigs on intestinal microbiota and morphology of suckling piglets

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88639-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Moturi ◽

Kwang Yeol Kim ◽

Abdolreza Hosseindoust ◽

Jun Hyung Lee ◽

Biao Xuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Suckling Piglets

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Identification and genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus in domestic swine from Slovakia

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02936-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anna Jackova ◽

Katarina Dudasova ◽

Slavomira Salamunova ◽

Rene Mandelik ◽

Jaroslav Novotny ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Hepatitis E Virus ◽

Hepatitis E ◽

Developed Countries ◽

European Countries ◽

Major Clade ◽

Information Gap ◽

Production Stages ◽

Suckling Piglets ◽

Domestic Swine

Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is agent causing hepatitis worldwide. Originally considered to be limited to developing countries, this virus was also detected in developed countries. In recent years an increasing number of reports indicate that farmed domestic pigs are widely infected with HEV in several European countries. The HEV status in Slovakia is still missing. Results In this study, the circulation of HEV among domestic swine in Slovakia and genetic diversity of the virus was studied. Overall HEV RNA was detected in 53/388 (13.7, 95% CI: 10.40–17.48%) pig rectal swabs in five production stages (age categories) with statistically significant differences among all the stages. The highest HEV prevalence was observed in weaners 24/81 (29.6, 95% CI: 19.99–40.81%) and then significantly declined in growers and fatteners. No HEV was detected in suckling piglets and sows. Twenty-eight partial sequences of ORF1 (242 bp) and seventeen of ORF2 (304 bp) were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis and p-distance comparisons confirmed in both ORFs that all Slovak HEV sequences belong to the genotype HEV-3, major clade 3abchij with higher identity to 3a and 3i subtypes. Three sequences were outside of all lastly updated HEV-3 subtypes. Conclusion This is the first report to fill the information gap about HEV infection in pigs in Slovakia. The results suggested a lower prevalence of HEV in Slovak pig farms than observed in other European countries. While most HEV isolates were typed as HEV-3 clade 3abchij, three sequences were unclassified.

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Adaptive changes in the capacity of systems used for the synthesis of citrulline in rat liver mitochondria in response to high- and low-protein diets

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1420359 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 142 (2) ◽

pp. 359-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

J. D. McGivan ◽

Norah M. Bradford ◽

J. B. Chappell

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Liver Mitochondria ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Adaptive Changes ◽

Low Protein ◽

Citrulline Synthesis

1. Citrulline synthesis was measured in mitochondria from rats fed on a standard diet, a high-protein diet, or on glucose. 2. With NH4Cl as the nitrogen source the rate of citrulline synthesis was higher in mitochondria from rats fed on a high-protein diet than in those from rats fed on a standard diet. When rats were fed solely on glucose the rate of synthesis of citrulline from NH4Cl was very low. 3. With glutamate as the nitrogen source the relative rates of citrulline synthesis were much lower than when NH4Cl was present, but similar adaptive changes occurred. 4. The activity of the mitochondrial glutamate-transporting system increased two to three times on feeding rats on a high-protein diet, but the Km for glutamate was unchanged. 5. Adaptive changes in certain intramitochondrial enzymes were also measured. 6. The results were interpreted to indicate that when an excess of substrate was present, citrulline synthesis from NH4Cl was rate-limited by the intramitochondrial concentration of N-acetyl-glutamate, but citrulline synthesis from glutamate was rate-limited primarily by the activity of the glutamate-transporting system.

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