scholarly journals Metagenomic Analysis of the Fecal Archaeome in Suckling Piglets Following Perinatal Tulathromycin Metaphylaxis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Mohamed Zeineldin ◽  
Ameer Megahed ◽  
Benjamin Blair ◽  
Brian Aldridge ◽  
James Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
And Function ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in swine health and wellbeing, but the gut archaeome structure and function in swine remain largely unexplored. To date, no metagenomics-based analysis has been done to assess the impact of an early life antimicrobials intervention on the gut archaeome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of perinatal tulathromycin (TUL) administration on the fecal archaeome composition and diversity in suckling piglets using metagenomic sequencing analysis. Sixteen litters were administered one of two treatments (TUL; 2.5 mg/kg IM and control (CONT); saline 1cc IM) soon after birth. Deep fecal swabs were collected from all piglets on days 0 (prior to treatment), 5, and 20 post intervention. Each piglet’s fecal archaeome was composed of rich and diverse communities that showed significant changes over time during the suckling period. At the phylum level, 98.24% of the fecal archaeome across all samples belonged to Euryarchaeota. At the genus level, the predominant archaeal genera across all samples were Methanobrevibacter (43.31%), Methanosarcina (10.84%), Methanococcus (6.51%), and Methanocorpusculum (6.01%). The composition and diversity of the fecal archaeome between the TUL and CONT groups at the same time points were statistically insignificant. Our findings indicate that perinatal TUL metaphylaxis seems to have a minimal effect on the gut archaeome composition and diversity in sucking piglets. This study improves our current understanding of the fecal archaeome structure in sucking piglets and provides a rationale for future studies to decipher its role in and impact on host robustness during this critical phase of production.

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine chemoprevention and malaria incidence after severe flooding: evaluation of a pragmatic intervention in rural Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross M Boyce ◽  
Brandon D Hollingsworth ◽  
Emma Baguma ◽  
Erin Xu ◽  
Varun Goel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Test Result ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Severe Flooding

Abstract Background Malaria epidemics are a well-described phenomenon after extreme precipitation and flooding, which account for nearly half of global disasters over the past two decades. Yet few studies have examined mitigation measures to prevent post-flood malaria epidemics. Methods We conducted an evaluation of a malaria chemoprevention program implemented in response to severe flooding in western Uganda. Children ≤12 years of age from one village were eligible to receive 3 monthly rounds of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP). Two neighboring villages served as controls. Malaria cases were defined as individuals with a positive rapid diagnostic test result as recorded in health center registers. We performed a difference-in-differences analysis to estimate changes in the incidence and test positivity of malaria between intervention and control villages. Results A total of 554 children received at least one round of chemoprevention with 75% participating in at least two rounds. Compared to control villages, we estimated a 53.4% reduction (aRR 0.47, 95% CI 0.34 – 0.62, p<.01) in malaria incidence and a 30% decrease in the test positivity rate (aRR=0.70, CI 0.50 - 0.97, p=0.03) in the intervention village in the six months post-intervention. The impact was greatest among children receiving the intervention, but decreased incidence was also observed in older children and adults (aRR=0.57, CI 0.38-0.84, p<.01). Conclusions Three rounds of chemoprevention with DP delivered under pragmatic conditions reduced the incidence of malaria after severe flooding in western Uganda. These findings provide a proof-of-concept for the use of malaria chemoprevention to reduce excess disease burden associated with severe flooding.

Evaluating the Elklan Talking Matters Programme: Exploring the impact of a training programme for early years professionals on pre-school children’s language development

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Judy Clegg ◽  
Carla Rohde ◽  
Henrietta McLachlan ◽  
Liz Elks ◽  
Alex Hall
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
Effectiveness Of Training ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Training early years practitioners to facilitate the language development of young children is a widely used intervention. Evidence to support the effectiveness of training in terms of the impact of children’s language development is limited. The Elklan Talking Matters programme is an accredited training programme for early years practitioners. Practitioners train to be Lead Communication Practitioners (LCPs) who cascade training across early years settings or Key Communication Practitioners (KCPs) who are embedded into these settings. The aim of this study was to identify if the Talking Matters Programme is effective in facilitating the language development of pre-school children. One hundred and twenty-six children from 13 early years settings were recruited (mean age 27.81 months; SD 4.90). Thirteen settings participated in the Talking Matters Programme (five LCP+KCP settings, four LCP settings and four control settings). At time 1, prior to practitioners participating in the programme, children completed the Pre-School Language Scales 5th Edition (PLS-5), a standardized assessment of receptive and expressive language. At time 1, 126 children completed the baseline assessment ( n = 43 in the LCP+KCP settings, n = 43 in the LCP settings and n = 40 in the control settings). Children then completed the post intervention (time 2) assessment approximately six months later. Children in the intervention groups (LCP+KCP settings and LCP settings) made more progress in their language development from time 1 to time 2 compared to the control. The children in the LCP+KCP settings made more gains than the children in the LCP settings. A significant main effect of groups and time was found but not an interaction of group scores with time, meaning the increases in scores were not statistically significant between the intervention and control groups. The study provides tentative evidence that the Talking Matters programme has a positive impact on pre-school children’s language development.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns Differentially Affect Microbiome Composition and Function in a Porcine Model of Obesity-related Metabolic Disorder (OR23-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Solano-Aguilar ◽  
Jonathan Shao ◽  
Joseph Urban ◽  
Sukla Lakshman ◽  
Saebyeol Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives To determine the impact of two isocaloric diets containing (38% ,15% and 47% energy from fat, protein and carbohydrate, respectively): Western diet (WD) rich in saturated fat, refined carbohydrate, low in fiber and high in cholesterol, and a heart healthy diet (HHD) rich in unsaturated fat, unrefined carbohydrate, fruits/vegetables, high in fiber and low in cholesterol, on the composition and function of the gut microbiome Methods Thirty-Ossabaw pigs were fed WD or HHD diets with half within each group therapeutically treated with statin (atorvastatin [Lipitor]). The fecal microbiome was analyzed one and six months after dietary intervention by 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic function was empirically inferred Results Genus diversity was transiently affected with a reduced Shannon Diversity index one month after feeding the WD or HHD (FDR P < 0.05) with no change between groups at 6 months. Bacterial communities were clustered and separated by diet independent of gender and separated by treatment with statin in the HHD only. Verrucomicrobiaceae (Akkermansia) and Methanobacteriales (Methanobrevibacter) were increased in pigs as early as one month after feeding the HHD, as was Clostridiales and Bifidobacterium (associated with optimal intestinal health). There was an enrichment of Proteobacteria (Succinivibrionaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae) in pigs fed the WD. Additional members of the Firmicutes phylum were detected. Diet-dependent associations (all P < 0.05) were identified between Lachnospiraceae members and early host dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atheromatous lesions in the left anterior descending proximal (LAD) and LAD/Left circumflex (LCX) bifurcation six months post-intervention. Conclusions These data document for the first time a distinctive bacterial profile in Ossabaw pigs with a diet-induced dyslipidemia and early stage atherosclerosis. Taken together these results represent a new model to examine mechanistic pathways of dietary patterns and/or drug interactions and its effect on modulating microbiome in developing atherosclerosis. Funding Sources USDA project 8040-51530-056-00 and Inter Agency USDA Agreement 588-1950-9-001 between BHNRC and Jean Mayer USDA-HNRCA

scholarly journals History of substance use and control in British Guiana

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellie Moss ◽  
Deborah Toner
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Licensing Laws

Whilst the impact of drugs on the culture of Caribbean societies and Indigenous populations is well documented, their role in maintaining influence over an ethnically diverse population and regulating labour productivity are frequently overlooked. In this paper we examine the use of drugs as a means of compelling and retaining labour in British Guiana during the nineteenth century. We also assess changes over time in how the colonial state managed concerns that the use of intoxicants threatened its control over the labouring population through licensing laws, carceral institutions and the criminalisation of certain drugs.

scholarly journals Metabolic and metagenomic profiling of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms obtained from the deep biosphere of the Gulf of México

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Moreno-Ulloa ◽  
Victoria Sicairos Diaz ◽  
Javier A. Tejeda-Mora ◽  
Marla I. Macias Contreras ◽  
Fernando Díaz Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Sebacic Acid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Hydrocarbon Mixture ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Deep Biosphere ◽  
Microbial Utilization ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMarine microbes are capable of degrading hydrocarbons; however, those inhabiting the deep biosphere (>1000 m) remain largely unexplored. Microbial metabolism could lead to the generation of diverse chemistries (some with therapeutic activities), but the impact of using hydrocarbons as the sole source of microbial energy in the synthesis of metabolites, remains obscure. Here, we investigated the metagenomic and metabolomic profile of two deep-marine sediments (>1 200 m deep, designated as A7 and B18) collected from the Gulf of México (GM) when grown for 28 days with a simple mixture of 4 hydrocarbons and complex hydrocarbon mixture (petroleum API 40) as their sole source of energy. State of the art techniques and analysis (e.g., Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking, network annotation propagation [NAP], and MS2LDA) were used to describe the chemistries associated to the microbial utilization of hydrocarbons. The metagenomic sequencing analysis suggests a predominant abundance of Proteobacteria in environmental and API 40-enriched samples, while the abundance of Pseudomonas increased after microbial growth with API 40. The metabolomic analysis suggests the presence of diverse chemistries predominantly associated with lipid and lipid-like and phenyl propanoids and polyketides superclass (Classyfire annotation). Hydrocarbon derivatives were detected as carboxylic acids (e.g., azelaic and sebacic acid) or alcohols, while non-hydrocarbon related chemistries were also detected including tetracycline-related metabolites and sphinganines. Our study provides valuable chemical and microbiological information of microbes inhabiting one of the most understudied ecosystems in the earth, the deep marine biosphere.

scholarly journals Lutzomyia longipalpis behavior and control at an urban visceral leishmaniasis focus in Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Soledad Santini ◽  
Oscar Daniel Salomón ◽  
Soraya Alejandra Acardi ◽  
Enrique Adolfo Sandoval ◽  
Lilian Tartaglino
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

During the earlier stages of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Posadas City, Misiones, both the night activity and attraction to humans of Lutzomyia longipalpis were assessed, in order to provide preliminary recommendations. The impact of peridomestic deltamethrin spraying performed by local officials was also evaluated. Although Lu. longipalpis were found in traps located over a dog the entire night, 90% of the females were captured from 20.30h to 1.30h, and only landed on a human when he was at a distance of 1.5 m from the dog. Peridomestic spraying of deltamethrin (25 mg/m²) reduced the sand fly capture up to seven days post-intervention without dispersion in the border of the sprayed areas. These results support the recommendations about time-space focus of the protection measures: first half of the night, in the backyard, with pets and domestic animals kept at least 5 m from humans. The deltamethrin as it was used did not seem very effective in this scenario; neither did the eventual use of bed nets, at least in adults, due to the place/hour of sand fly higher activity. This study strengthens the need for a multidisciplinary approach to develop prevention strategies based both on biological and anthropological studies.

scholarly journals The Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles’ RNA Cargo Regulates the Bovine Embryonic Transcriptome

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bauersachs ◽  
Pascal Mermillod ◽  
Carmen Almiñana
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs) are emerging as key players in the gamete/embryo–oviduct interactions that contribute to successful pregnancy. Various positive effects of oEVs on gametes and early embryos have been found in vitro. To determine whether these effects are associated with changes of embryonic gene expression, the transcriptomes of embryos supplemented with bovine fresh (FeEVs) or frozen (FoEVs) oEVs during in vitro culture compared to controls without oEVs were analyzed by low-input RNA sequencing. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed 221 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between FoEV treatment and control, 67 DEGs for FeEV and FoEV treatments, and minor differences between FeEV treatment and control (28 DEGs). An integrative analysis of mRNAs and miRNAs contained in oEVs obtained in a previous study with embryonic mRNA alterations pointed to direct effects of oEV cargo on embryos (1) by increasing the concentration of delivered transcripts; (2) by translating delivered mRNAs to proteins that regulate embryonic gene expression; and (3) by oEV-derived miRNAs which downregulate embryonic mRNAs or modify gene expression in other ways. Our study provided the first high-throughput analysis of the embryonic transcriptome regulated by oEVs, increasing our knowledge on the impact of oEVs on the embryo and revealing the oEV RNA components that potentially regulate embryonic development.

Application of Interrupted Time Series Modelling to Prime Motor Spirit Distribution in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ette Harrison Etuk ◽  
Imo Udo Moffat ◽  
Azubuike Samuel Agbam
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Intervention Model ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Abrupt Jump ◽  
Time Series Modelling ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Plot

An inspection of the time-plot of monthly Prime Motor Spirit (PMS) distribution in Nigeria from 2009 to 2015 reveals an abrupt jump in January 2013 with the series continuing at that level till 2015. Clearly the trend of the series was interrupted in January 2013 and it is believed that this perturbation was due to the deregulation of the downstream sector of the crude oil industry.  A t-test comparison of the pre- and the post-intervention means is highly significant (p < 0.0001) indicating the impact of the intervention. A model of the ARIMA family was to be fitted to the pre-intervention data which were observed to have a downward trend and be non-stationary. Differencing once rendered it stationary. An adequate ARIMA(2,1,0) model was fitted to the original pre-intervention series. Post-intervention forecasts were obtained on the basis of this model. These forecasts were subtracted from their respective post-intervention counterpart observations. These differences were modelled to obtain the transfer function of the intervention. The resultant intervention model closely fits the post-intervention data and may be used to explain and control the situation.

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