The emergence of musical structures in instrumental free play of toddlers

The field of children’s free play instrumental musical expression seems to lack a theory on the developmental aspect in toddlerhood. The case studies presented here were part of a larger study aimed at helping to fill that gap. In the present study, five children aged 14‐22 months played freely on a metallophone and a pair of bongos in six sessions over nineteen months. The results exemplify the toddlers’ process of developing the ability to structure well-formed musical ideas, starting with short patterns that gradually grow and using repetition-based structures. The insights can contribute to the fields of early childhood musical development, music education and childcare.

Effect of Performance Appraisal on Employees’ Satisfaction: A Case Study of University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of performance appraisal on employees’ satisfaction in university of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. We collected data from 60 administrative employees of university of Peshawar using survey questionnaire. We distributed 100 questionnaires among the employees of university of Peshawar, out of which 60 were returned back, so the response rate was 60 %. Findings of this study revealed that performance appraisal significantly and positively affect employee satisfaction in university of Peshawar, KP. It was concluded from this study that fair and accurate performance appraisal keep the employees satisfied and positively affect the efficiency and effectiveness of employees as well as organization. In line with the findings of this study it is recommended for top management of higher education of Pakistan to design such a performance appraisal system which is in accordance with the new challenges and developmental aspect of employees within different universities or organizations. This study has importance for both policy makers and academicians.

School-based supervision enhances the professional development of teachers

The issue addressed in the study reported on here was the establishment of a clinical school-based model of supervision which was pragmatic and developmental-oriented for the professional development of teachers, a concept currently advocated by the supervisory corps. Since a mixed methods approach was used in the study, a closed-ended 3-point Likert-type questionnaire (1 to 31) was used to collect quantitative data with one question (32), gathering qualitative from 102 respondents who were purposively and systematically selected. The developmental aspect embedded in the school-based supervisory model demands that the process is constant and continuous, ruling out traditional supervisory models which demanded more control, compliance, predictability and accountability. Consequently, this would render the traditional inspectorate teams redundant. Supervisors armed with various models of supervision would be compelled to adopt an eclectic approach to supervision contingent to the situation.

SIMULATION TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN KINDERGARTEN: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Teachers are the source of the dissemination of knowledge to students. The knowledge gained is the result of meaningful learning as well as the application of approaches to the Teaching and Learning Process in the classroom. In kindergarten, a teacher should be responsible for educating the best possible students, as well as mastering the various teaching methods and techniques in managing the teaching. Therefore, this study aims to explore the use of simulation techniques in classroom teaching and learning, and three main themes have been highlighted: (a) teacher knowledge, (b) simulation used in teaching and facilitating, (c) and challenge. To achieve this goal, the study was conducted using qualitative research using survey design and data collected using the interview method among 2 private teachers and 2 KEMAS teachers. The results of this study show that the main contributors to the use of simulation techniques depend on these 3 themes. These findings are expected to enhance the professional attitude and pedagogy of early childhood education and thus enhance the child's developmental aspect.

REFLEKSI KRITIS PEMBANGUNAN BUDAYA PADA ERA ORDE BARU DAN REFORMASI

Berkaca pengalaman Orde Baru dan Reformasi yang terjadi disequilibrium antara aspek perkembangan dan konflik; maka tulisan ini bermaksud menawarkan model empiris manajemen multibudaya. Intinya model ini akan mengarahkan proses refleksi kritis budaya menuju pada upaya peningkatan semangat multikulturalisme secara optimal. Pertimbangan sifat empiris dalam model ini adalah karena melalui tulisan ini diharapkan akan muncul banyak riset tentang manajemen multibudaya di Indonesia. Antara sub budaya di negara kita tidak perlu dipertentangkan; tetapi perlu dibangun komitmen mengoptimumkan multibudaya menjadi kekuatan besar untuk mencapai Bangunan Indonesia Baru. Komitmen bukan hanya sebatas semangat tetapi hendaknya menjadi gerakan nasional efektif. Seperti pada era pemimpin saat kini yang makin menuntut tindakan nyata bukan hanya slogan. Kunci sukses dari model ini yang merupakan pemikiran Soerjanto Poespowardojo ternyata terletak pada keseimbangan (equilibrium) antara maksimisasi aspek perkembangan (kemajuan) dan minimisasi aspek konflik. Reflecting on the situation during New Order and the Era of Reformation where disequilibrium between aspects of development and conflict occurred, this paper offers an empirical model of multicultural management. In short, this model directs the process of cultural critical reflection towards an effort to optimally encourage the spirit of multiculturalism. The decision regarding the empirical nature of this model was made because through this paper, it is hoped that this will lead to further research about multicultural management in Indonesia. There is no need for any conflict between the many subcultures of Indonesia; however, there is a need for a commitment to optimize multiculturalism as a major force to achieve the Bangunan Indonesia Baru. Commitment is not mere enthusiasm, but it can serve as an effective national movement as seen in modern leadership today that demand concrete action. The key to success of this model, which is Soerjanto Poespowardojo's idea, lies in the equilibrium between the maximization of developmental aspect (progress) and the minimization of conflict aspect.

Toward multi-dimensional and developmental notion of researcher positionality

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to argue for a multi-dimensional and developmental notion of researcher positionality in conducting qualitative research, in lieu of the dichotomous notion of outsider and insider. The former emphasizes the agentive role researchers play in knowledge production, whereas the latter has been much challenged as oversimplified and insufficient in understanding the dynamic interactions in which field researchers engage. Design/methodology/approach The paper borrows Milner’s (2007) four-level framework of research personality to reflect on one cross-cultural narrative inquiry study. Findings Reflective stories revealed that researcher positionality captures threads of intersectionality as well as inter- and intra-personal dynamics, and thus better informs the research process than what concept of insider/outsider dichotomy can do. Research limitations/implications The paper enriches the discussion of research positionality in qualitative research by involving a cross-cultural study where the researcher moved to-and-fro two sites. Practical implications The paper suggests a methodological and practical way of raising researcher’s awareness and agency relative to positionality by exposing the researcher to cross-cultural settings. Originality/value While the multi-dimensional aspect of researcher positionality and its relatedness to research findings has been much discussed, not much acknowledgment has been given to the developmental aspect of research positionality.

MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TALKING STICK SEBAGAI PENDUKUNG PENGUASAAN ENGLISH VOCABULARY PADA ANAK USIA DINI

<p>Language is a developmental aspect which is important to be stimulated from an early age. Language development in children has a dynamic rhythm. There is numerous speech that seems common and consistent in the language of children. Fortunately, this phenomenon does not automatically close the gaps of diversity in the children’s classes. Thus, the method of developing language skills especially English in children must be based on awareness of their own level of development. In developing language skills, the mastery of vocabulary by children determines the dominant ability to communicate, so this should be given special attention by educators. Answering the challenge of mastering the English vocabulary in early childhood, this paper explores in depth about the Talking Stick Learning Model which tends to be reserved for children at a relatively early age. Their first interaction with English will in some way affect their wishes ahead to learn more about this International language. Talking Stick Learning Model projects teachers not to dominate the learning process. This method of learning requires the help of a stick and for the child holding the stick, in turn, must answer the questions of the teacher that have thoroughly studied a discussion. In addition to training children to speak, this model will create a fun atmosphere for learning and train students to participate actively and creatively.<br /> <br />Keywords: Talking Stick Learning Model, English Vocabulary, Early Childhood<br />Abstrak<br />Bahasa adalah aspek perkembangan yang penting untuk distimulus sejak usia dini. Perkembangan bahasa pada anak memiliki irama yang dinamis. Terdapat ujaran yang terkesan umum dan konsisten pada bahasa anak-anak. Untungnya, fenomena ini tidak secara otomatis menutup celah-celah munculnya keberagaman pada kelas-kelas anak. Dengan demikian, metode dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa, terlebih bahasa Inggris, pada anak mesti didasarkan atas kesadaran mengenai tingkat perkembangan mereka masing-masing. Dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa, penguasaan kosakata oleh anak menentukan secara dominan kemampuannya dalam berkomunikasi, sehingga hal ini sebaiknya diberikan atensi khusus oleh pendidik. Menjawab tantangan penguasaan kosakata bahasa Inggris pada anak usia dini, tulisan ini mengupas secara mendalam tentang Model Pembelajaran Talking Stick yang cenderung diperuntukkan bagi anak-anak pada usia relatif dini. Interaksi pertama mereka dengan bahasa Inggris akan sedikit banyak mempengaruhi keinginan mereka ke depan mempelajari lebih jauh bahasa Internasional ini. Model Pembelajaran Talking Stick memproyeksikan guru untuk tidak mendominasi proses pembelajaran. Bantuan tongkat diperlukan dalam metode pembelajaran ini dan bagi anak yang memegang tongkat pada gilirannya mesti menjawab pertanyaan dari guru setelah tuntas mempelajari suatu bahasan. Di samping melatih anak berbicara, model ini akan menciptakan suasana menyenangkan dalam pembelajaran serta melatih siswa untuk berpartisipasi aktif serta kreatif.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran Talking Stick, English Vocabulary, Anak Usia Dini</p>

PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL KAULINAN BARUDAK UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN SIKAP EMPATI DAN POLA GERAK DASAR ANAK USIA DINI

This research is based on the facts in the field regarding the process of achieving early childhood education that is not optimal. Eeducational attainment is about to manage sel emotion of early childhood. The traditional games "kaulinan barudak" are one of the learning process approaches could be expected to provide positive stimulation toward developmental aspect of children’s potential. This study is conducted to determine the contribution of traditional games "kaulinan barudak" to the development of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years. This study uses quasi-experimental method with Pretest and Posttest control group design. Data is collected using structured observation, notes, and documentation. The results of this study are 1) the ability of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Artanita Tasikmalaya entered into category”positive significant”; 2) the ability of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years of conventional game in kindergarten Artanita Tasikmalaya entered into category”no siginificant positive effect”; 3) the ability of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Artanita Tasikmalaya entered into category”Different effect of traditional game “kaulinan barudak” from the conventional game”. The traditional game of “kaulinan barudak” gives a more significant positive effect than the conventional game. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fakta-fakta di lapangan mengenai kondisi proses pencapaian pendidikan anak usia dini yang belum optimal. Proses pencapaian pendidikan yang dimaksud adalah sikap empati dan pola gerak dasar anak usia dini. Permainan tradisional “kaulinan barudak” merupakan salah satu pendekatan proses belajar yang diduga dapat memberikan stimulasi positif terhadap aspek perkembangan potensi anak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kontribusi permainan tradisional “kaulinan barudak” terhadap pengembangan sikap empati dan pola gerak dasar anak usia 5-6 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan Pretest-Posttest control group design. Subjek siswa yang akan dilibatkan adalah anak usia dini di TK Perwari dan RA Istiqomah , dan jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 17 orang sesuai jumlah di TK Perwari dan RA Istiqomah. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasi terstruktur, catatan lapangan, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini 1) profil kemampuan bersikap empati dan pola gerak dasar anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK Perwari Kota Tasikmalaya dan RA Istiqomah Kota Tasikmalaya masuk ke dalam kategori “Muncul”, 2) program kegiatan pembelajaran meningkat, 3) program kegiatan pembelajaran dengan permainan konvensional menunjukan cukup baik, 4) kemampuan pola gerak dasar pada kelompok eksperimen meningkat.; 5) profil sikap empati dan pola gerak dasar setelah melalui penerapan permainan konvensional meningkat, 6) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara sikap empati dan pola gerak dasar di kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen.

PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL KAULINAN BARUDAK UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGELOLA EMOSI DIRI SENDIRI ANAK USIA DINI

This research is based on the facts in the field regarding the process of achieving early childhood education that is not optimal. Eeducational attainment is about to manage sel emotion of early childhood. The traditional games "kaulinan barudak" are one of the learning process approaches could be expected to provide positive stimulation toward developmental aspect of children’s potential. This study is conducted to determine the contribution of traditional games "kaulinan barudak" to the development of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years. This study uses quasi-experimental method with Pretest and Posttest control group design. Data is collected using structured observation, notes, and documentation. The results of this study are 1) the ability of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Artanita Tasikmalaya entered into category”positive significant”; 2) the ability of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years of conventional game in kindergarten Artanita Tasikmalaya entered into category”no siginificant positive effect”; 3) the ability of self emotion manage of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Artanita Tasikmalaya entered into category”Different effect of traditional game “kaulinan barudak” from the conventional game”. The traditional game of “kaulinan barudak” gives a more significant positive effect than the conventional game. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fakta-fakta di lapangan mengenai kondisi proses pencapaian pendidikan anak usia dini yang belum optimal. Proses pencapaian pendidikan yang dimaksud adalah kemampuan mengelola emosi diri sendiri anak usia dini. Permainan tradisional “kaulinan barudak” merupakan salah satu pendekatan proses belajar yang diduga dapat memberikan stimulasi positif terhadap aspek perkembangan potensi anak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kontribusi permainan tradisional “kaulinan barudak” terhadap pengembangan kemampuan mengelola emosi diri sendiri anak usia 5-6 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan Pretest-Posttest control group design. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi terstruktur, catatan lapangan dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan penerapan permainan tradisional kaulinan barudak terhadap pengembangan kemampuan mengelola emosi diri sendiri anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK Artanita Kota Tasikmalaya; 2) Tidak terdapat pengaruh positif yang signifikan penerapan permainan konvensional terhadap pengembangan kemampuan mengelola emosi diri sendiri anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK Negeri Pembina Kota Tasikmalaya; 3) Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh permainan tradisional kaulinan barudak dengan permainan konvensional terhadap pengembangan kemampuan mengelola emosi diri sendiri anak usia 5-6 tahun. Permainan tradisional kaulinan barudak memberikan pengaruh positif yang lebih signifikan dari pada permainan konvensional.

Spatial Constraints of Slovenian Farms: What Does Urbanization Have to Do with It?

The spatial constraints of farms in Slovenia have never been systematically studied before; however, this is an important developmental aspect of agriculture, as stated by experts in spatial planning, agricultural economics, and geography. This article presents the concept of farms’ spatial constraints within settlements and their effect on farms’ development potential, proposes a methodological framework for measuring them, and reveals the relation between farms’ spatial constraints and urbanization.