scholarly journals Trichomonas gallinae infections in the naïve host Montifringilla nivalis subsp. nivalis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dirren ◽  
Stéphanie Borel ◽  
Nina Wolfrum ◽  
Fränzi Korner-Nievergelt
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Great Risk ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Trichomonas Gallinae ◽  
Mountain Village ◽  
Bird Feeder

AbstractInfectious diseases bear a great risk for populations of naïve host species. In the present article we inform about the first microscopic and molecular detection of the bird pathogen Trichomonas gallinae in the White-winged Snowfinch (Montifringilla nivalis subsp. nivalis). The emergence of trichomonosis in this highly specialised alpine bird species may pose a serious threat to its already declining population. Interspecies transmission of T. gallinae most likely occurred at a bird feeder in a Swiss mountain village. Monitoring of the disease and immediate measures to prevent its spread are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Prevalence and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in wild bird species of the order Columbiformes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne R. Schumm ◽  
Dimitris Bakaloudis ◽  
Christos Barboutis ◽  
Jacopo G. Cecere ◽  
Cyril Eraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
And Migration

AbstractDiseases can play a role in species decline. Among them, haemosporidian parasites, vector-transmitted protozoan parasites, are known to constitute a risk for different avian species. However, the magnitude of haemosporidian infection in wild columbiform birds, including strongly decreasing European turtle doves, is largely unknown. We examined the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and subgenera Haemoproteus and Parahaemoproteus in six species of the order Columbiformes during breeding season and migration by applying nested PCR, one-step multiplex PCR assay and microscopy. We detected infections in 109 of the 259 screened individuals (42%), including 15 distinct haemosporidian mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages, representing five H. (Haemoproteus), two H. (Parahaemoproteus), five Leucocytozoon and three Plasmodium lineages. Five of these lineages have never been described before. We discriminated between single and mixed infections and determined host species-specific prevalence for each parasite genus. Observed differences among sampled host species are discussed with reference to behavioural characteristics, including nesting and migration strategy. Our results support previous suggestions that migratory birds have a higher prevalence and diversity of blood parasites than resident or short-distance migratory species. A phylogenetic reconstruction provided evidence for H. (Haemoproteus) as well as H. (Parahaemoproteus) infections in columbiform birds. Based on microscopic examination, we quantified parasitemia, indicating the probability of negative effects on the host. This study provides a large-scale baseline description of haemosporidian infections of wild birds belonging to the order Columbiformes sampled in the northern hemisphere. The results enable the monitoring of future changes in parasite transmission areas, distribution and diversity associated with global change, posing a potential risk for declining avian species as the European turtle dove.

scholarly journals Modified ELISA for Ultrasensitive Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 5197
Author(s):  
Naoko Tsurusawa ◽  
Jyunhao Chang ◽  
Mayuri Namba ◽  
Daiki Makioka ◽  
Sou Yamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Ultrasensitive Detection ◽  
Lifestyle Related Diseases

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for quantitative measurement of proteins, and improving the detection sensitivity to the ultrasensitive level would facilitate the diagnosis of various diseases. In the present review article, we first define the term ‘ultrasensitive’. We follow this with a survey and discussion of the current literature regarding modified ELISA methods with ultrasensitive detection and their application for diagnosis. Finally, we introduce our own newly devised system for ultrasensitive ELISA combined with thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cycling and its application for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and lifestyle-related diseases. The aim of the present article is to expand the application of ultrasensitive ELISAs in the medical and biological fields.

Molecular detection of Leucocytozoon in red-legged seriemas (Cariama cristata), a non-migratory bird species in the Brazilian Cerrado

2021 ◽  
pp. 100652
Author(s):  
Andréa M. Carvalho ◽  
Francisco C. Ferreira ◽  
Andreina C. Araújo ◽  
Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano ◽  
Giane Regina Paludo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado

scholarly journals The endangered California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) population is exposed to local haemosporidian parasites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andreína Pacheco ◽  
Chris N. Parish ◽  
Timothy J. Hauck ◽  
Roberto F. Aguilar ◽  
Ananias A. Escalante
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Program Success ◽  
California Condor ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Gymnogyps Californianus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The endangered California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is the largest New World Vulture in North America. Despite recovery program success in saving the species from extinction, condors remain compromised by lead poisoning and limited genetic diversity. The latter makes this species especially vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thus, taking advantage of the program of blood lead testing in Arizona, condor blood samples from 2008 to 2018 were screened for haemosporidian parasites using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that targets the parasite mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Plasmodium homopolare (Family Plasmodiidae, Order Haemosporida, Phylum Apicomplexa), was detected in condors captured in 2014 and 2017. This is the first report of a haemosporidian species infecting California Condors, and the first evidence of P. homopolare circulating in the Condor population from Arizona. Although no evidence of pathogenicity of P. homopolare in Condors was found, this study showed that the California Condors from Arizona are exposed to haemosporidian parasites that likely are spilling over from other local bird species. Thus, active surveillance should be an essential part of conservation efforts to mitigate the impact of infectious diseases, an increasingly recognized cause of global wildlife extinctions worldwide, particularly in avian populations considered vulnerable or endangered.

The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host relationships of the tick: Part 2. Observations on hill and moorland grazings in northern England

Parasitology ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Host List

Although three other Ixodes species were found, Ixodes ricinus L., when it occurs, is by far the most important tick parasite of wild and domestic animals on hill and moorland grazings in northern England. In the following, ‘tick’ or ‘ticks’ refer to I. ricinus.The previous list of British mammal hosts, wild and domestic, to the tick (any stage) is largely confirmed, and increased approximately from twenty-three to twenty-nine species; and birds, similarly, from twenty-one to thirty-nine species. The preponderance of small mammals and birds among the twenty-four new-recorded host species confirms the impression that previous workers tended to confine their attentions to the larger animals. The host list is still incomplete, and the suggestion that the tick will parasitize any bird or mammal it may meet is strongly reinforced.No host occurs below the reptile level among vertebrates; and among British reptiles, only the common lizard is a host—rarely. There appear to be no hosts among invertebrates.All the farm and domestic mammals from horse down to cat are hosts to female ticks, but poultry have never been recorded—probably because they do not much frequent the tick-infested pastures.Only the larger wild mammals and birds are hosts to female ticks. In northern England these include eight mammals and three birds. For Britain as a whole two other mammals are known, while a further four mammals and one bird are likely hosts.With or without the inclusion of domestic animals, proportionately more mammal than bird species are hosts to female ticks. This is because there are more mammal than bird species large enough to be hosts.All the recorded British hosts, except shrew and possibly mole, are hosts in some degree to nymphs, and all, without exception, are hosts to larvae.A certain amount of self-deticking is practised by birds, and very probably by some of the smaller mammals. Birds never have ticks attached within beak-reach.

scholarly journals Quantitative und qualitative Veränderungen der Mortalität zwischen 1790 und 1990 in einem Bergdorf der Zentralschweiz

Gesnerus ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Melchior Durrer
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Mountain Village ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Central Switzerland ◽  
Circulatory Diseases

The quantitative and qualitative change of mortality has been compared between 1790 and 1990. The survey was done in the limited geographical area of a mountain village in central Switzerland. It shows a drop in mortality and infant mortality as well as a dramatic rise in life expectancy. Infectious diseases were partly replaced by the heart and circulatory diseases during these two centuries.

scholarly journals Maternal Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Therapy or Immunizations: Very few Contraindications to Breastfeeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noni E Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Paediatric Society ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Term Infants

The Canadian Paediatric Society recommends exclusive breastfeeding as the optimal method of infant feeding for the first six months of life for healthy, term infants (1). There are many benefits associated with breastfeeding, including nutritional, immunological, psychological, developmental, environmental, social, economic and health (eg, decrease in infectious diseases) (2-4). To promote, protect and support breastfeeding, every effort must be made to minimize contraindications to breastfeeding, particularly unnecessary ones. The present article summarizes the maternal infectious diseases in which continuing breastfeeding is recommended, the very few infectious diseases in which it is not recommended, the rare instances in which maternal antimicrobial therapy indicates a caution for breastfeeding, and the continuation of breastfeeding when a mother or her infant is receiving a routine recommended immunization.

CORRECTION OF SUMMARY ON RABIES IN 1951—REPORT OF THE ACADEMY COMMITTEE ON IMMUNIZATION AND THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES FOR ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-336
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Great Risk ◽  
Systemic Reaction ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Additional Indication ◽  
The Past ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Head Neck

ATTENTION is called to pages 53 and 54 of the 1951 report of the above committee (the Red Book). The recommended antirabies serum (Sheep-Lederle) has been withheld by the manufacturers because of allergic reactions accompanying the use of this product. Unfortunately no other rabies antiserum is commercially available at present. Active immunization with rabies vaccine (the Pasteur treatment) remains the sole biologic weapon in rabies prophylaxis in addition to the highly important care of the wound. The indications for the use of phenolized (Semple type) vaccine are given in the summary. Furthermore, in view of the fact that an antiserum is not now commercially available, an additional indication must be mentioned. When a child who has had rabies vaccine in the past is re-exposed, the danger of rabies must be balanced against the great risk of inducing treatment paralysis with a second course of vaccine. Sensitization to brain tissue proteins is very likely to exist in such individuals and the rate of neuroparalytic accidents is high. Therefore (in the absence of available antiserum) when a re-exposure with a head, neck, or hand bite occurs a recall series of vaccine injections not to exceed six doses is recommended. The appearance of any sign of a systemic reaction, such as tingling of the extremities, girdle pains, headache, nausea, sphincter disturbances or fever, is a signal for discontinuing vaccine injections. It should also he noted (page 54) that whereas antirabies serum was recommended in instances of salivary contamination of abraded skin in the absence of teeth marks, Pasteur treatment is not recommended in this situation. Here the risks of treatment outweigh the risks of rabies.

Avian dispersal of Frankia

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1128-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Paschke ◽  
Jeffrey O. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Elaeagnus Umbellata ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Central Illinois ◽  
Serial Dilutions

Nests of six common bird species in central Illinois, U.S.A. were collected and examined for the presence of Frankia capable of infecting Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus umbellata. Serial dilutions of nest extracts were used in a bioassay to estimate the number of Frankia nodulation units for these two host species in each nest. Nests of two bird species contained soil as a nest component and had high concentrations of Frankia nodulation units. Nests of two bird species that did not use soil in nest building also had relatively high levels of Frankia. Results indicate that some bird species can transport Frankia, possibly by moving soil for nest building and also by other unknown mechanisms. Key words: actinorhizae, bioassay, bird nests, Frankia dispersal, Alnus glutinosa, Elaeagnus umbellata.

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