Influence of nonhost plant diversity and natural enemies on the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae, and pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, in alfalfa

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory S. Straub ◽  
Nathan P. Simasek ◽  
Mark R. Gapinski ◽  
Regan Dohm ◽  
Ellen O. Aikens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Empoasca Fabae ◽  
Nonhost Plant

scholarly journals The importance of antennae for pea aphid wing induction in the presence of natural enemies

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kunert ◽  
W.W. Weisser
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Wing Formation ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
General Response

AbstractThe pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris has been shown to produce an increasing proportion of winged morphs among its offspring when exposed to natural enemies, in particular hoverfly larvae, lacewing larvae, adult and larval ladybirds and aphidiid parasitoids. While these results suggest that wing induction in the presence of predators and parasitoids is a general response of the pea aphid, the cues and mechanisms underlying this response are still unclear. Tactile stimuli and the perception of chemical signals as well as visual signals are candidates for suitable cues in the presence of natural enemies. In this paper the hypothesis that the aphids' antennae are crucial for the wing induction in the presence of natural enemies is tested. Antennae of pea aphids were ablated and morph production was scored when aphids were reared either in the presence or the absence of predatory lacewing larvae over a six-day period. Ablation of antennae resulted in a drastic drop in the proportion of winged morphs among the offspring, both in the presence and the absence of a predator whereas predator presence increased wing induction in aphids with intact antennae, as reported in previous experiments. The results show that antennae are necessary for wing induction in the presence of natural enemies. Critical re-examination of early work on the importance of aphid antennae and tactile stimuli for wing induction suggests that a combination of tactile and chemical cues is likely to be involved not only in predator-induced wing formation but also for wing induction in response to factors such as crowding in the aphid colony.

Influence of temperature on pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisum(Hemiptera: Aphididae) resistance to natural enemy attack

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Stacey ◽  
M.D.E. Fellowes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Aphid Clone

AbstractThe ability to resist or avoid natural enemy attack is a critically important insect life history trait, yet little is understood of how these traits may be affected by temperature. This study investigated how different genotypes of the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris, a pest of leguminous crops, varied in resistance to three different natural enemies (a fungal pathogen, two species of parasitoid wasp and a coccinellid beetle), and whether expression of resistance was influenced by temperature. Substantial clonal variation in resistance to the three natural enemies was found. Temperature influenced the number of aphids succumbing to the fungal pathogenErynia neoaphidisRemaudière & Hennebert, with resistance increasing at higher temperatures (18 vs. 28°C). A temperature difference of 5°C (18 vs. 23°C) did not affect the ability ofA. pisumto resist attack by the parasitoidsAphidius erviHaliday andA. eadyiStarý, González & Hall. Escape behaviour from foraging coccinellid beetles (Hippodamia convergensGuerin-Meneville) was not directly influenced by aphid clone or temperature (16 vs. 21°C). However, there were significant interactions between clone and temperature (while most clones did not respond to temperature, one was less likely to escape at 16°C), and between aphid clone and ladybird presence (some clones showed greater changes in escape behaviour in response to the presence of foraging coccinellids than others). Therefore, while larger temperature differences may alter interactions betweenAcyrthosiphon pisumand an entomopathogen, there is little evidence to suggest that smaller changes in temperature will alter pea aphid–natural enemy interactions.

SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARASITOIDS IN WISCONSIN

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 1055-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Thiboldeaux ◽  
W.D. Hutchison ◽  
D.B. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Exponential Population Growth ◽  
Exponential Population

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), is an important pest of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Wisconsin because of its characteristic potential for exponential population growth (Hutchison and Hogg 1984, 1985) and the subsequent damage in both hay quality and quantity inflicted by high populations (Cuperus et al. 1982). In Wisconsin, as in most alfalfa-producing states, there is a vast complex of natural enemies (Hutchison and Hogg 1985) that influence pea aphid population dynamics, including the hymenopteran primary parasitoids from the Aphidiidae. These primary species, however, are also attacked by several secondary parasitoids from the families Megaspilidae, Pteromalidae, and Alloxystidae.

Alarm pheromone induces a transgenerational wing polyphenism in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 1138-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua O Podjasek ◽  
Lisa M Bosnjak ◽  
Daniel J Brooker ◽  
Edward B Mondor
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Alarm Pheromone ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Morphological Adaptations

In response to increased predation risk, many organisms exhibit transgenerational polyphenisms whereby offspring have behavioural and (or) morphological adaptations to avoid natural enemies. The mechanisms underlying altered phenotypic expression, however, are not well understood. Aphids commonly exhibit a transgenerational wing-induction polyphenism in response to predators and parasitoids, but the stimuli inducing winged offspring production have not yet been identified. As aphids commonly emit the alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EBF) when physically attacked, this compound is a reliable signal of increased predation risk for asexual conspecifics. Here we show that maternal detection of EBF induces a transgenerational wing polyphenism in offspring of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris, 1776). In response to 50, 500, or 5000 ng of EBF vapor, aphids responded with 2.5-, 5.0-, and 6.0-fold increases in winged offspring production, respectively. Thus, alarm pheromone may alter aphid transgenerational phenotypic expression, thereby influencing aphid – natural enemy dynamics.

The influence of natural enemies on wing induction in Aphis fabae and Megoura viciae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kunert ◽  
K. Schmoock-Ortlepp ◽  
U. Reissmann ◽  
S. Creutzburg ◽  
W.W. Weisser
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Cotton Aphid ◽  
Aphid Density ◽  
Megoura Viciae

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the aphid species, Aphis fabae Scopoli and Megoura viciae Buckton, do not produce winged offspring in the presence of natural enemies, in contrast to results for the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) and the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover); but these studies did not involve exposing aphids directly to natural enemies. We exposed colonies of both A. fabae and M. viciae to foraging lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)) larvae and found that the predators did not induce winged morphs among offspring compared to unexposed controls. Colonies of A. fabae responded to an increase in aphid density with increasing winged morph production, while such response was not found for M. viciae. We suggest that different aphid species differ in their susceptibility to natural enemy attack, as well as in their sensitivity to contact.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of non-consumptive effects of parasitoid wasps on aphid populations : enhancing aphid suppression by increasing natural enemy and plant diversity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kathryn Suzanne Ingerslew
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Aphid Populations

Predators are typically evaluated for their potential effectiveness as natural biological control agents by examining traits related to their consumptive relationship with an herbivore. For example, voracious predators with a high prey attack rate or predators that specialize in consuming a particular pest species are considered ideal for biological control. However, there is a growing body of research demonstrating that predators also influence herbivore population size through non-consumptive interactions. Non-consumptive interactions include changes in prey behavior, morphology, or life-history traits in response to the presence of a predator that allow prey to survive a predator encounter but result in declines in prey fitness due to reduced availability of resources or expending energy that would have been otherwise used for growth or reproduction. The existence of non-consumptive effects is significant because it raises the possibility that a non-lethal organism (i.e. non-enemy) in the environment can also contribute to herbivore suppression if an herbivore inaccurately perceives an organism as a threat and engages in a defensive response. The goal of my dissertation research was to determine whether non-enemies contribute to natural biological control and enhance herbivore suppression beyond levels accomplished by consumptive natural enemies alone. Previous work in our lab demonstrated that pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) respond to the non-enemy wasp Aphidius colemani Viereck by stopping feeding and dropping off of their host plant, resulting in a decline in pea aphid abundance even though pea aphids are not a host for A. colemani. My work evaluated whether this behavioral suppression of pea aphid populations by the non-enemy wasp is complementary with pea aphid suppression by the consumptive enemy Aphidius ervi Haliday. I investigated 1) the mechanisms responsible for and the magnitude of the non-consumptive effects of A. colemani and A. ervi on pea aphid populations, 2) the contributions of non-consumptive interactions to short-term and long-term suppression of aphid populations in the presence of consumptive natural enemies, and 3) the feasibility of increasing plant diversity in the field to enhance pea aphid suppression by facilitating behavioral non-consumptive interactions. I found that pea aphids respond to interactions with both wasp species, but they more frequently engaged in defensive behaviors such as dropping in the presence of the enemy A. ervi than the non-enemy A. colemani. The behavioral response of the pea aphid to the presence of the non-enemy was strong enough for A. colemani to suppress pea aphid populations in the short term, but this suppression was not maintained over the long term. When the non-enemy A. colemani was combined with the consumptive enemy A. ervi, there was some evidence for antagonism between the wasps over the short term. However, the non-enemy and enemy were complementary in their suppression of pea aphid populations over the long term, with more consistent and stable suppression when both wasps were present. I also demonstrated that increasing plant diversity in a field setting enhances suppression of pea aphid populations by promoting interactions between pea aphids and non-enemies. My work demonstrates that non-lethal organisms, or non-enemies, in the environment have an important role to play in influencing herbivore abundance, and that the addition of non-enemies to a community of lethal predators and parasitoids can lead to greater and more consistent suppression of herbivores in the long term.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Effect of “Candidatus Rickettsiella viridis,” a Facultative Symbiont of the Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and Its Interaction with a Coexisting Symbiont

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Tsuchida ◽  
Ryuichi Koga ◽  
Akiko Fujiwara ◽  
Takema Fukatsu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Body Color ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
European Populations

ABSTRACTA gammaproteobacterial facultative symbiont of the genusRickettsiellawas recently identified in the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum. Infection with this symbiont altered the color of the aphid body from red to green, potentially affecting the host's ecological characteristics, such as attractiveness to different natural enemies. In European populations ofA. pisum, the majority ofRickettsiella-infected aphids also harbor another facultative symbiont, of the genusHamiltonella. We investigated thisRickettsiellasymbiont for its interactions with the coinfectingHamiltonellasymbiont, its phenotypic effects onA. pisumwith and withoutHamiltonellacoinfection, and its infection prevalence inA. pisumpopulations. Histological analyses revealed that coinfectingRickettsiellaandHamiltonellaexhibited overlapping localizations in secondary bacteriocytes, sheath cells, and hemolymph, whileRickettsiella-specific localization was found in oenocytes.Rickettsiellainfections consistently altered hosts' body color from red to green, where the greenish hue was affected by both host and symbiont genotypes.Rickettsiella-Hamiltonellacoinfections also changed red aphids to green; this greenish hue tended to be enhanced byHamiltonellacoinfection. With different host genotypes,Rickettsiellainfection exhibited either weakly beneficial or nearly neutral effects on host fitness, whereasHamiltonellainfection andRickettsiella-Hamiltonellacoinfection had negative effects. Despite considerable frequencies ofRickettsiellainfection in European and North AmericanA. pisumpopulations, noRickettsiellainfection was detected among 1,093 insects collected from 14 sites in Japan. On the basis of these results, we discuss possible mechanisms for the interaction ofRickettsiellawith other facultative symbionts, their effects on their hosts' phenotypes, and their persistence in natural host populations. We propose the designation “CandidatusRickettsiella viridis” for the symbiont.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

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