Parasite Tolerance and Host Competence in Avian Host Defense to West Nile Virus

EcoHealth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Burgan ◽  
Stephanie S. Gervasi ◽  
Lynn B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Host Competence

scholarly journals On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha K Duggal ◽  
Kate E Langwig ◽  
Gregory D Ebel ◽  
Aaron C Brault
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Host Competence

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in North America almost 20 yr ago. In that time, WNV has crossed the continent and established enzootic transmission cycles, resulting in intermittent outbreaks of human disease that have largely been linked with climatic variables and waning avian seroprevalence. During the transcontinental dissemination of WNV, the original genotype has been displaced by two principal extant genotypes which contain an envelope mutation that has been associated with enhanced vector competence by Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett vectors. Analyses of retrospective avian host competence data generated using the founding NY99 genotype strain have demonstrated a steady reduction in viremias of house sparrows over time. Reciprocally, the current genotype strains WN02 and SW03 have demonstrated an inverse correlation between house sparrow viremia magnitude and the time since isolation. These data collectively indicate that WNV has evolved for increased avian viremia while house sparrows have evolved resistance to the virus such that the relative host competence has remained constant. Intrahost analyses of WNV evolution demonstrate that selection pressures are avian species-specific and purifying selection is greater in individual birds compared with individual mosquitoes, suggesting that the avian adaptive and/or innate immune response may impose a selection pressure on WNV. Phylogenomic, experimental evolutionary systems, and models that link viral evolution with climate, host, and vector competence studies will be needed to identify the relative effect of different selective and stochastic mechanisms on viral phenotypes and the capacity of newly evolved WNV genotypes for transmission in continuously changing landscapes.

scholarly journals STING is required for host defense against neuropathological West Nile virus infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e1007899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz ◽  
Piper M. Treuting ◽  
Emily A. Hemann ◽  
Katharina Esser-Nobis ◽  
Annelise G. Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile

Viremia profiles and host competence index for West Nile virus (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) in three autochthonous birds species from Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Adrián Diaz ◽  
Fernando Sebastián Flores ◽  
Marta Silvia Contigiani
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Host Competence

scholarly journals Host-seeking activity and avian host preferences of mosquitoes associated with West Nile virus transmission in the northeastern U.S.A.

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Channsotha Suom ◽  
Howard S. Ginsberg ◽  
Andrew Bernick ◽  
Coby Klein ◽  
P.A. Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission

scholarly journals Stress hormones predict a host superspreader phenotype in the West Nile virus system

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1859) ◽  
pp. 20171090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie S. Gervasi ◽  
Sarah C. Burgan ◽  
Erik Hofmeister ◽  
Thomas R. Unnasch ◽  
Lynn B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Host Competence ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Virus System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as corticosterone (CORT), have profound effects on the behaviour and physiology of organisms, and thus have the potential to alter host competence and the contributions of individuals to population- and community-level pathogen dynamics. For example, CORT could alter the rate of contacts among hosts, pathogens and vectors through its widespread effects on host metabolism and activity levels. CORT could also affect the intensity and duration of pathogen shedding and risk of host mortality during infection. We experimentally manipulated songbird CORT, asking how CORT affected behavioural and physiological responses to a standardized West Nile virus (WNV) challenge. Although all birds became infected after exposure to the virus, only birds with elevated CORT had viral loads at or above the infectious threshold. Moreover, though the rate of mortality was faster in birds with elevated CORT compared with controls, most hosts with elevated CORT survived past the day of peak infectiousness. CORT concentrations just prior to inoculation with WNV and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations following viral exposure were predictive of individual duration of infectiousness and the ability to maintain physical performance during infection (i.e. tolerance), revealing putative biomarkers of competence. Collectively, our results suggest that glucocorticoid stress hormones could directly and indirectly mediate the spread of pathogens.

Avian host community structure and prevalence of West Nile virus in Chicago, Illinois

Oecologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Loss ◽  
Gabriel L. Hamer ◽  
Edward D. Walker ◽  
Marilyn O. Ruiz ◽  
Tony L. Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludivine Taieb ◽  
Antoinette Ludwig ◽  
Nick H. Ogden ◽  
Robbin L. Lindsay ◽  
Mahmood Iranpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Blood Meal Analysis ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Host Competence ◽  
The Us

Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.

scholarly journals Light Pollution Increases West Nile Virus Competence in a Ubiquitous Passerine Reservoir Species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Kernbach ◽  
J. M. Miller ◽  
R. J. Hall ◽  
T. R. Unnasch ◽  
N. D. Burkett-Cadena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Reservoir Species ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Disease Epidemics

One sentence summaryLight pollution increases host infectiousness.AbstractLight pollution is a growing problem, but its impacts on infectious disease risk have not been considered. Previous research has revealed that dim light at night (dLAN) dysregulates various immune functions and biorhythms, which hints that dLAN could change the risk of disease epidemics. Here, we demonstrate that dLAN enhances infectiousness of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), an urban-dwelling avian host of West Nile virus (WNV). Sparrows exposed to dLAN maintained viral titers above the transmission threshold to a biting vector (105 plaque-forming units) for two days longer than controls but did not die at higher rates. A mathematical model revealed that such effects could increase WNV outbreak potential by ~41%. dLAN likely affects other host and vector traits relevant to transmission, so additional research is needed to advise management of zoonotic diseases in light polluted areas.

scholarly journals A Periodic West Nile Virus Transmission Model with Stage-Structured Host Population

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Junli Liu ◽  
Tailei Zhang ◽  
Qiaoling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Solution ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

In this paper, we study an avian (host) stage-structured West Nile virus model, which incorporates seasonality as well as stage-specific mosquito biting rates. We first introduce the basic reproduction number R0 for this model and then show that the disease-free periodic solution is globally asymptotically stable when R0<1, while there exists at least one positive periodic solution and that the disease is uniformly persistent if R0>1. In the case where all coefficients are constants, for a special case, we obtain the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium, the uniqueness of the endemic equilibrium, and the permanence of the disease in terms of the basic reproduction number R0. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify the analytic result. Some sensitivity analysis of R0 is performed. Our finding shows that an increase in juvenile exposure will lead to more severe transmission. Moreover, we find that the ignorance of the seasonality may result in underestimation of the basic reproduction number R0.

scholarly journals North American West Nile virus genotype isolates demonstrate differential replicative capacities in response to temperature

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 2523-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy C. Andrade ◽  
Payal D. Maharaj ◽  
William K. Reisen ◽  
Aaron C. Brault
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North American ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Synonymous Mutations

The presence of West Nile virus (WNV) was first documented in California, USA, during the summer of 2003, and subsequently the virus has become endemic throughout the state. Sequence analysis has demonstrated that the circulating strains are representative of the North American (WN02) genotype that has displaced the East Coast genotype (NY99). A recent study has indicated that enhanced vector competence at elevated temperatures may have played a role in the displacement of the East Coast genotype by WN02. In the current study, four WN02 strains from California, including an initial 2003 isolate (COAV997), were compared to strain NY99 in growth curve assays in mosquito and duck embryonic fibroblast (DEF) cell lines at differing, biologically relevant temperatures to assess the relative temperature sensitivities of these natural isolates. COAV997 was significantly debilitated in viral replication in DEF cells at 44 °C. Full-length sequence comparison of COAV997 against the NY99 reference strain revealed non-synonymous mutations in the envelope glycoprotein (V159A), non-structural protein 1 (NS1) (K110N) and non-structural protein 4A (NS4A) (F92L), as well as two mutations in the 3′ UTR: C→T at nt 10 772 and A→G at nt 10 851. These non-synonymous mutations were introduced into the NY99 viral backbone by site-directed mutagenesis. A mutant containing the NS1-K110N and NS4A-F92L mutations exhibited a debilitated growth phenotype in DEF cells at 44 °C, similar to that of COAV997. One explanation for the subsistence of this genotype is that COAV997 was obtained from an area of California where avian host species might not present elevated temperatures. These data indicate that the NS1 and NS4A mutations identified in some WN02 isolates could reduce thermal stability and impede replication of virus at temperatures observed in febrile avian hosts.

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