Factors Associated with Likelihood of Initiating Others into Injection Drug Use Among People Who Inject Drugs in West Virginia

Objective: Quantify incidence and determine predictors of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) in people who inject drugs (PWID) with injection-drug use (IDU)-related infections. Design: Retrospective cohort of hospitalized PWID from 1/2017-12/2019. Methods: Inclusion criteria: age ≥18 years, active IDU, treated IDU-attributable infection, organism growth from microbiology cultures. Infection types: infective endocarditis (IE), acute bacterial skin/skin structure infection (ABSSSI), osteoarticular infection (OAI), other bloodstream infections (BSI). Primary outcome was GNB identification from microbiologic culture; descriptive statistics were used to describe the cohort. Multivariable regression was used to identify variables associated with GNB infection. Results: 230 PWID included; 65 (28%) GNB infections, 165 (72%) Gram-positive infections. The median (IQR) population age was 38 (31-45) years. Most patients were women (56%); 37% had no insurance. Infection types were: IE (41%), ABSSSI (37%), OAI (20%), other BSI (2%). 278 organisms were isolated from 230 patients; most common organisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (43%), Streptococcus spp. (19%), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (17%), Serratia marcescens (8%); 10% were mixed GNB and Gram-positive infections. 80% of patients received empiric Pseudomonas aeruginosa coverage; only 7% had P. aeruginosa infections. In multivariable regression, age >50 years (adjOR, 2.9; 95%CI; 1.2-7.2), prior hospitalization within 90-days (adjOR, 2.2; 95%CI; 1.2-4.3), and OAI (adjOR, 3.2; 95%CI; 1.5-6.6) were associated with GNB infection. Conclusions: GNB in PWID with IDU-attributed infections were more frequently observed in recently hospitalized, older patients with OAI. The majority of patients received empiric anti-pseudomonal antibiotic coverage, but P. aeruginosa was infrequent. PWID are a potential population to target improved empiric antibiotic use.

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Increased HIV diagnoses in West Virginia counties highly vulnerable to rapid HIV dissemination through injection drug use: a cautionary tale

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 12-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Heather Bradley ◽

Vicki Hogan ◽

Christine Agnew-Brune ◽

John Armstrong ◽

Dawn Broussard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

West Virginia ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Cautionary Tale

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Why the Treatment of Mental Disorders Is an Important Component of HIV Prevention among People Who Inject Drugs

Advances in Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/690386 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Elizabeth Buckingham ◽

Ezra Schrage ◽

Francine Cournos

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Drug Use ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

People Who Inject Drugs ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Hiv Care ◽

Hiv Positive

People who inject drugs are more likely to be HIV positive and to have a mental disorder than the general population. We explore how the detection and treatment of mental illness among people who are injecting drugs are essential to primary and secondary prevention of HIV infection in this population. Aside from opioid addiction, few studies have been conducted on the links between mental disorders and injection-drug use. However, independent of the injection-drug use literature, a growing number of studies demonstrate that untreated mental illness, especially depression and alcohol/substance use disorders, is associated with HIV-related risk behaviors, acquiring HIV infection, failure to access HIV care and treatment, failure to adhere to HIV care and treatment, and increased morbidity and mortality from HIV-related diseases and comorbidities. In our review of both the published literature and gray literature we found a dearth of information on models for providing care for both opioid addiction and other mental illnesses regardless of HIV status, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We therefore make recommendations on how to address the mental health needs of HIV-positive people who inject drugs, which include the provision of opioid substitution therapy and integrated mental health, substance abuse, and HIV services.

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Factors associated with pathways toward concurrent sex work and injection drug use among female sex workers who inject drugs in northern Mexico

Addiction ◽

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04016.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (1) ◽

pp. 161-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Meghan D. Morris ◽

Hector Lemus ◽

Karla D. Wagner ◽

Gustavo Martinez ◽

Remedios Lozada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Sex Work ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Northern Mexico ◽

Female Sex

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Factors associated with early adolescent initiation into injection drug use: implications for intervention programs

Journal of Adolescent Health ◽

10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.004 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 462-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Cari L. Miller ◽

Steffanie A. Strathdee ◽

Thomas Kerr ◽

Kathy Li ◽

Evan Wood

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Intervention Programs ◽

Early Adolescent ◽

Factors Associated

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Risk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-020-05464-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Cai ◽

Zheng Dai ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Ruchi Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

High School Education ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Methamphetamine Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40–49 years (vs. age 20–29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50–59 years (vs. age 20–29 years, 10.25, 2.40–43.82), living within poverty index 1–1.9 (vs. poverty index > = 2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index > = 2, 2.55; 1.11–5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51–6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72–18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06–16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61–6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10 and 17, 2.09; 1.01–4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.

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