The 1991–2004 Evolution in Life Expectancy by Educational Level in Belgium Based on Linked Census and Population Register Data

This paper launches a discussion for using privilege to understand migrant self-employment. Migrants are a heterogeneous and complex group, yet migrant self-employment studies have not yet considered how privilege provides opportunities or gains. Using mixed-methods this paper explores the role of privilege in migrant self-employment. Life course histories are combined with full-population register data to understand migrant self-employment and to provide a sense of privilege in process. Findings reveal theoretically and empirically how privilege shapes self-employment for women migrants in Sweden with certain groups benefitting more from privilege.

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Income inequality in disability-free life expectancy in Denmark

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.342 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

H Brønnum-Hansen ◽

E Foverskov ◽

I Andersen

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Social Inequality ◽

Socioeconomic Position ◽

Life Tables ◽

Disposable Income ◽

Inequality In Health ◽

Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background The state old-age pension in Denmark is adjusted in line with the projected increasing life expectancy without taking social inequality in health and life expectancy into account. The purpose of the study was to estimate income disparities in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) at age 50. Methods By linking nationwide register data on income and mortality each individual at any age was divided into equivalised disposable income quartiles and life tables were constructed for each quartile. Data from the Danish Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) was linked to register data providing access to information on respondents equivalised disposable income. Finally, data from the life tables were combined with prevalence on activity limitations by income quartiles from SHARE to estimate DFLE by Sullivan’s method. Differences in DFLE were investigated and decomposed into contributions from mortality and disability effects. Results A clear social gradient was seen for life expectancy as well as DFLE. Thus, life expectancy at age 50 differed between the highest and lowest income quartile by 8.0 years for men and 5.0 years for women. The difference in DFLE was 11.8 and 10.3 years for men and women, respectively. For men the mortality effect from the decomposition contributed by 4.1 years to the difference of 11.8 years in DFLE and 3.9 years to the difference in expected years with disability of 3.8 years while the disability effect contributed by 7.7 years. Conclusions The study quantifies social inequality in health in Denmark. Although income inequality in life expectancy and DFLE can partly be explained by loss of income due to chronic diseases, one would expect a welfare state to provide better financial security for citizens with health problems. Furthermore, the marked social disparity when approaching retirement age is questioning the fairness of implementing a pension scheme independently of socioeconomic position. Key messages Disability-free life expectancy differs between income quartiles by more than 10 years. Pension age follows the projected increasing life expectancy independently of socioeconomic position. This seems unfair.

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Childlessness and union histories: evidence from Finnish population register data

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932019000257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 78-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jan Saarela ◽

Vegard Skirbekk

Keyword(s):

Genetic Material ◽

Life History Strategies ◽

Union Formation ◽

Population Register ◽

Parental Home ◽

Finnish Population ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

First Union ◽

Leaving The Parental Home

AbstractFrom an evolutionary perspective, childlessness may be considered a failure, as it implies that there will be no direct transmission of one’s genetic material to later generations. It is also a pressing social issue, because in many contemporary advanced societies, levels of childlessness have increased, and particularly so among men. The absence of a partner is naturally a fundamental determinant of childlessness. Empirical evidence on how childlessness relates to individuals’ partnership histories is nevertheless limited. This issue was analysed with Finnish population register data, which allow the complete cohabitation and marriage histories of individuals from age 18 years to be observed. For women and men born between 1969 and 1971, logistic regression models were estimated for childlessness at age 40 by partnership histories in terms of various stages in the process of union formation and dissolution, and accounting for several socioeconomic variables. A strong link between union histories and childlessness was found, with short partnership spells raising the risk of not becoming a parent. Later age when leaving the parental home raised female childlessness, while a short first-union duration related more strongly to male childlessness. These findings may be considered as providing insights into how specific life-history strategies affect reproductive outcomes, and highlight the need to develop new approaches to understand this feature of social inequality.

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Persistent social inequality in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy: Outlook for a differential pension age in Denmark?

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494816683591 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 459-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Henrik Brønnum-Hansen ◽

Mette Lindholm Eriksen ◽

Karen Andersen-Ranberg ◽

Bernard Jeune

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Social Inequality ◽

Educational Level ◽

Average Life Expectancy ◽

Men And Women ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽

Low Levels ◽

Pension Age ◽

Old Men

Aims: The state old-age pension in Denmark increases to keep pace with the projected increase in average life expectancy (LE) without any regard to the social gap in LE and expected lifetime in good health. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in LE and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) between groups of Danes with high, medium and low levels of education. Methods: Nationwide register data on education and mortality were combined with data from the Surveys of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) surveys in 2006–2007, 2010–2011 and 2013–2014 and the DFLE by educational level was estimated by Sullivan’s method for each of these three time points. Results: Between 2006–2007 and 2013–2014, LE among 65-year-old men and women with a low educational level increased by 1.3 and 1.0 years, respectively, and by 1.4 and 1.3 years for highly educated men and women. The gap in LE between people with high and low levels of education remained more than 2 years. In 2006–2007, 65-year-old men with a high level of education could expect 3.2 more years without disability than men of the same age with a low level of education. In 2013–2014, the difference was 2.9 years. For women, the results were 3.7 and 3.4 years, respectively. Conclusions: With the persistent social inequality in LE of more than 2 years and the continuous gap between high and low educational groups in DFLE of about 3 years, a differential pension age is recommended.

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Rising Educational Levels Contribute to Compression of Morbidity. A Multi-State Life Table Analysis of the Netherlands 1995-2015

Finnish Yearbook of Population Research ◽

10.23979/fypr.44970 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 77-96

Author(s):

E. Kunst Anton ◽

M. A. Joung Inez ◽

J. Nusselder Wilma ◽

W. N. Looman Caspar ◽

P. Mackenbach Johan

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Educational Level ◽

Total Population ◽

The Elderly ◽

Transition Rates ◽

Compression Of Morbidity ◽

Increase Life Expectancy ◽

Male Population ◽

Educational Levels ◽

Table Analysis

Objective: This paper assesses whether the future rise in educational levels of theelderly may not only increase life expectancy (LE) but also at the same timecontribute to a reduction in life expectancy with disability (LED).Methods: For each educational level, LE and LED were estimated from multi-statelife tables with a disabled and non-disabled state. Basic transition rates wereestimated from regression analysis of data of a Dutch longitudinal study. The resultsper educational level were aggregated to the total population for the years 1995,2005 and 2015.Results: In 1995, men in the highest educational level had a 0.9 years longerLE and a 5.4 years shorter LED than men in the lowest level. Differences amongwomen were larger (2.0 and 8.3 years). Due to rising educational levels between1995 and 2015, LE for the total male population would increase by 0.2 years whileLED would decrease by 0.5 years. A larger effect was observed for women(0.2 and 1.5 years).Conclusion: Rising educational levels of the elderly are likely to contribute to acompression of morbidity over the next decades, especially among women.

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Income inequality in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in Denmark

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2020-214108 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. jech-2020-214108

Author(s):

Henrik Brønnum-Hansen ◽

Else Foverskov ◽

Ingelise Andersen

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Income Quintile ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Activity Limitations ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Mortality Effect ◽

Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽

The Difference

BackgroundIncome has seldom been used to study social differences in disability-free life expectancy (DFLE). This study investigates income inequalities in life expectancy and DFLE at age 50 and 65 and estimates the contributions from the mortality and disability effects on the differences between income groups.MethodsLife tables by income quintile were constructed using Danish register data on equivalised disposable household income and mortality. Data on activity limitations from the Danish part of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) was linked to register data on income. For each income quintile, life table data and prevalence data of no activity limitations from SHARE were combined to estimate DFLE. Differences between income quintiles in DFLE were decomposed into contributions from mortality and disability effects.ResultsA clear social gradient was seen for life expectancy as well as DFLE. Life expectancy at age 50 differed between the highest and lowest income quintiles by 8.6 years for men and 5.5 years for women. The difference in DFLE was 12.8 and 11.0 years for men and women, respectively. The mortality effect from the decomposition contributed equally for men and slightly more for women to the difference in expected lifetime without than with activity limitations. The disability effect contributed by 8.5 years for men and 8.0 years for women.ConclusionThe income inequality gradient was steeper for DFLE than life expectancy. Since income inequality increases, DFLE by income is an important indicator for monitoring social inequality in the growing share of elderly people.

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Gap in life expectancy at age 30 by sex and educational level, 2012 (or latest year)

Health at a Glance - Health at a Glance 2015 ◽

10.1787/health_glance-2015-graph19-en ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Educational Level

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Gap in life expectancy at age 65 by gender and educational level, 2013 (or nearest year)

Health at a Glance: Europe - Health at a Glance: Europe 2016 ◽

10.1787/health_glance_eur-2016-graph28-en ◽

2016 ◽

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Educational Level

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Trends in remaining life expectancy at retirement age (65 years) by educational level in Norway 1961-2009

Norsk Epidemiologi ◽

10.5324/nje.v22i2.1553 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joakim Oliu Moe ◽

Ólöf Anna Steingrímsdóttir ◽

Bjørn Heine Strand ◽

Øyvind Næss

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Educational Level ◽

Least Square ◽

Remaining Life ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Life Years ◽

Educational Groups ◽

Remaining Life Expectancy ◽

The Difference

Background: Over the last half a century education based inequalities in life expectancy have increased in younger populations, but our knowledge of long-term trends in old-age life expectancy differentials is sparse. We investigated the trends in remaining life expectancy at age 65 (e65) according to education in Norway for the period 1961-2009.Methods: This was a register-based population study including all Norwegian residents aged 65 years and older. Individual-level data were provided by the Central Population Registry and the National Educational Database. We classified education into higher and lower education and constructed one life table for each calendar year, sex, and educational group. We tested for trends using weighted least square regression models.Results: e65 increased over the observation period for all educational groups, but the difference in e65 increased by 0.060 life years per calendar year in men and 0.025 life years per calendar year in women (P < 0.001). The increase in e65 in less-educated men slowed in the 1980s and 1990s, whereas e65 in less-educated women decelerated from the 1980s, and significantly so from 2001 (P = 0.029).Conclusions: Educational-based inequalities in e65 increased over the last half century. The increase seems to be temporal in men and might be ongoing in women. Increasing inequalities in e65 challenge public health policy and will become increasingly important in the ageing societies of the future. In addition, they imply increasing deviation from the overall life expectancy of the population, which forms the basis of the recently implemented adjustment of pension levels according to life expectancy. Divergent trends in e65 according to educational level may also have implications for future demographic projections.

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