scholarly journals Trends in remaining life expectancy at retirement age (65 years) by educational level in Norway 1961-2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Oliu Moe ◽  
Ólöf Anna Steingrímsdóttir ◽  
Bjørn Heine Strand ◽  
Øyvind Næss
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy ◽  
The Difference

<p><em><strong>Background</strong></em>: Over the last half a century education based inequalities in life expectancy have increased in younger populations, but our knowledge of long-term trends in old-age life expectancy differentials is sparse. We investigated the trends in remaining life expectancy at age 65 (e65) according to education in Norway for the period 1961-2009.</p><p><em><strong>Methods</strong></em>: This was a register-based population study including all Norwegian residents aged 65 years and older. Individual-level data were provided by the Central Population Registry and the National Educational Database. We classified education into higher and lower education and constructed one life table for each calendar year, sex, and educational group. We tested for trends using weighted least square regression models.</p><p><em><strong>Results</strong></em>: e65 increased over the observation period for all educational groups, but the difference in e65 increased by 0.060 life years per calendar year in men and 0.025 life years per calendar year in women (P &lt; 0.001). The increase in e65 in less-educated men slowed in the 1980s and 1990s, whereas e65 in less-educated women decelerated from the 1980s, and significantly so from 2001 (P = 0.029).</p><p><em><strong>Conclusions</strong></em>: Educational-based inequalities in e65 increased over the last half century. The increase seems to be temporal in men and might be ongoing in women. Increasing inequalities in e65 challenge public health policy and will become increasingly important in the ageing societies of the future. In addition, they imply increasing deviation from the overall life expectancy of the population, which forms the basis of the recently implemented adjustment of pension levels according to life expectancy. Divergent trends in e65 according to educational level may also have implications for future demographic projections.</p>

scholarly journals Neighborhood Disadvantage and Active, Disabled and Total Life Expectancy Among Community-living Older Persons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Gill ◽  
Emma X. Zang ◽  
Terrence E. Murphy ◽  
Linda Leo-Summers ◽  
Evelyne A. Gahbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
Community Living ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Disadvantaged Group ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Total Life Expectancy ◽  
Total Life

AbstractBackgroundNeighborhood disadvantage is a novel social determinant of health that could adversely affect the functional well-being and longevity of older persons. We evaluated whether estimates of active, disabled and total life expectancy differ on the basis of neighborhood disadvantage after accounting for individual-level socioeconomic characteristics and other prognostic factors.MethodsWe used data on 754 community-living older persons from South Central Connecticut, who completed monthly assessments of disability from 1998 to 2020. Scores on the area deprivation index were dichotomized at the 80th state percentile to distinguish neighborhoods that were disadvantaged (81-100) from those that were not (1-80).ResultsWithin 5-year age increments from 70 to 90, active and total life expectancy were consistently lower in participants from neighborhoods that were disadvantaged versus not disadvantaged, and these differences persisted and remained statistically significant after adjustment for individual-level race/ethnicity, education, income, and other prognostic factors. At age 70, adjusted estimates (95% CI) for active and total life expectancy (in years) were 12.3 (11.5-13.1) and 15.0 (13.8-16.1) in the disadvantaged group and 14.2 (13.5-14.7) and 16.7 (15.9-17.5) in the non-disadvantaged group. At each age, participants from disadvantaged neighborhoods spent a greater percentage of their projected remaining life disabled, relative to those from non-disadvantaged neighborhoods, with adjusted values (SE) ranging from 17.7 (0.8) vs. 15.3 (0.5) at age 70 to 55.0 (1.7) vs. 48.1 (1.3) at age 90.ConclusionsLiving in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with lower active and total life expectancy and a greater percentage of projected remaining life disabled.

scholarly journals Growing Income-Based Inequalities in Old-Age Life Expectancy in Sweden, 2006–2015

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Fors ◽  
Jonas W. Wastesson ◽  
Lucas Morin
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Neighborhood Deprivation ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
Income Quartile

Abstract Sweden is known for high life expectancy and economic egalitarianism, yet in recent decades it has lost ground in both respects. This study tracked income inequality in old-age life expectancy and life span variation in Sweden between 2006 and 2015, and examined whether patterns varied across levels of neighborhood deprivation. Income inequality in remaining life expectancy at ages 65, 75, and 85 increased. The gap in life expectancy at age 65 grew by more than a year between the lowest and the highest income quartiles, for both men (from 3.4 years in 2006 to 4.5 years in 2015) and women (from 2.3 to 3.4 years). This widening income gap in old-age life expectancy was driven by different rates of mortality improvement: individuals with higher incomes increased their life expectancy at a faster rate than did those with lower incomes. Women with the lowest incomes experienced no improvement in old-age life expectancy. Furthermore, life span variation increased in the lowest income quartile, while it decreased slightly among those in the highest quartile. Income was found to be a stronger determinant of old-age life expectancy than neighborhood deprivation.

Screening for cancer

2017 ◽  
pp. 707-712
Author(s):  
Anne Horgan ◽  
Shabbir M. H. Alibhai
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Supportive Evidence ◽  
Curative Intent ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy ◽  
Breast And Prostate Cancer ◽  
Potential Methods

Cancer screening is the early identification of an asymptomatic malignancy. The aim of screening is to identify cancer at a stage where it can be more effectively treated and ideally with curative intent. Guidelines regarding screening in the older population differ widely across countries, in part due to the underrepresentation of older adults in the large screening trials on which the recommendations are based. In this chapter, we present the screening recommendations for colorectal, lung, breast, and prostate cancer from four international groups. The benefits of screening in the overall population are highlighted, and the data supporting screening in older adults outlined. Factors to be considered in screening decisions are discussed, including remaining life expectancy and patient and physician wishes. Potential methods to overcome these challenges along with supportive evidence are highlighted.

PSA screening rates in older men in the United States based on nine-year estimated remaining life expectancy.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16006-e16006
Author(s):  
Michael Drazer ◽  
Sandip M. Prasad ◽  
Dezheng Huo ◽  
Mara A Schonberg ◽  
Russell Zelig Szmulewitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
National Health Interview Survey ◽  
Older Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Psa Screening ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy

e16006 Background: PSA screening for prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial, but informed decision making is recommended for men with an estimated 10 years of remaining life expectancy (RLE). The association between screening of men 65+ and estimated 9-year life expectancy is unknown. Our purpose was to determine the association between predicted 9-year life expectancy and PCa screening in 2005 and 2010. Methods: Data were extracted from the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Men 65+ without prostate known PCa were divided into quartiles with a validated index estimating 9-year RLE (<27%, 27-52%, 53-75%, and >75%). The proportions of men screened in 2005 and 2010 were determined. Logistic regression was used to compare screening in 2005 and 2010. Results: Screening rates for men 65+ were 48.3% (95% CI, 45.6-50.9%) in 2005 and 48.5% (95% CI, 45.5-51.6%) in 2010 (p = 0.9). There were no differences in screening between cohorts by age and predicted mortality for 65-74 (all p > 0.05 for <27%, 27-52%, 53-75%, and >76% predicted mortality) and 75+ year olds (all p> 0.05). The most screened group were 65-74 year olds with a <27% chance of 9-year mortality, with 58.3% (95% CI, 53.6–63.1) and 56.1% (95% CI, 50.6-61.5) screened in 2005 and 2010. Conclusions: PSA-based PCa screening did not differ between 2005 and 2010 for men 65+. Over 35% and 33% of older men with limited estimated 9-year RLE were screened in 2005 and 2010 despite minimal clinical benefit. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Income disparities in life expectancy in the City of Toronto and Region of Peel, Ontario

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stratton ◽  
D.L. Mowat ◽  
R. Wilkins ◽  
M. Tjepkema
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
Income Adequacy ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Calculated Period ◽  
The City

Introduction To understand the lack of a gradient in mortality by neighbourhood income in a previous study, we used individual-level data from the 1991–2001 Canadian census mortality follow-up study to examine income-related disparities in life expectancy and probability of survival to age 75 years in the City of Toronto and Region of Peel. Methods We calculated period life tables for each sex and income adequacy quintile, overall and separately for immigrants and non-immigrants. Results For all cohort members of both sexes, including both immigrants and non-immigrants, there was a clear gradient across the income quintiles, with higher life expectancy in each successively richer quintile. However, the disparities by income were much greater when the analysis was restricted to non-immigrants. The lesser gradient for immigrants appeared to reflect the higher proportion of recent immigrants in the lower income quintiles. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of using individual-level ascertainment of income whenever possible, and of including immigrant status and period of immigration in assessments of health outcomes, especially for areas with a high proportion of immigrants.

Mortality prediction and demographic ageing

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Sardon
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Prediction ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Demographic Ageing ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy

Since 1970 age at death has much increased. This is greatly due to quick diminishing of old age mortality rates and sheds a new light on the analysis of the probable and possible variations to be expected regarding mortality. Projected numbers of elderly people depend a great deal on the choices made regarding future mortality. When comparing forecasted hypothetical mortality with recent actual achievements it is obvious that a certain amount of pessimism prevails in the forecasts. This prompts us to show greater boldness when forecasting. However, will the present rise in life expectancy, especially at higher ages, continue at the same pace or will it tend to reach its zenith (the biological limit of human life) and when? According to some experts, we are already approaching the limits of average human longevity, whereas for others, scientific progress will amply enable us to push back the age of 85 years determined by the former group. Improvement in the understanding of the multifactorial process of ageing will feed the debate but the economic, social and behavioural constraints of lengthning life spans should not be overlooked. Nevertheless and whatever age limit is set to define elderly people, based on a fixed or a varying age, as the age at which remaining life expectancy is constant, a sharp increase in numbers of elderly people is to be expected.

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