Investigating the role of body size, ecology, and behavior in anuran eye size evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Hua Huang ◽  
Mao Jun Zhong ◽  
Wen Bo Liao ◽  
Alexander Kotrschal
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17932-17936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian F. Kammerer ◽  
Sterling J. Nesbitt ◽  
John J. Flynn ◽  
Lovasoa Ranivoharimanana ◽  
André R. Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Stem Lineage ◽  
Body Size Evolution

Early members of the dinosaur–pterosaur clade Ornithodira are very rare in the fossil record, obscuring our understanding of the origins of this important group. Here, we describe an early ornithodiran (Kongonaphon kelygen. et sp. nov.) from the Mid-to-Upper Triassic of Madagascar that represents one of the smallest nonavian ornithodirans. Although dinosaurs and gigantism are practically synonymous, an analysis of body size evolution in dinosaurs and other archosaurs in the context of this taxon and related forms demonstrates that the earliest-diverging members of the group may have been smaller than previously thought, and that a profound miniaturization event occurred near the base of the avian stem lineage. In phylogenetic analysis,Kongonaphonis recovered as a member of the Triassic ornithodiran clade Lagerpetidae, expanding the range of this group into Africa and providing data on the craniodental morphology of lagerpetids. The conical teeth ofKongonaphonexhibit pitted microwear consistent with a diet of hard-shelled insects, indicating a shift in trophic ecology to insectivory associated with diminutive body size. Small ancestral body size suggests that the extreme rarity of early ornithodirans in the fossil record owes more to taphonomic artifact than true reflection of the group’s evolutionary history.

scholarly journals PAPEL DOS PEIXES NA RECICLAGEM DE NUTRIENTES EM RIACHOS TROPICAIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 449-463
Author(s):  
Eugenia Zandonà ◽  
◽  
Priscila Oliveira-Cunha ◽  
Beatriz Moreira-Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Metabolic Theory ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Mass Balance Models ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
And Behavior

Fish can contribute directly and indirectly to nutrient recycling in aquatic environments, affecting community structure and ecosystem processes. Through the excretion of metabolic waste, fish make inorganic nutrients available in the environment that can be used by algae and bacteria. Nitrogen and phosphorus are often limiting nutrients in streams, so fish can be a relevant source of these nutrients. Many factors can influence excretion rates, including diet, body nutrient demand (for reproduction and growth), ontogeny, body size, temperature and other abiotic factors. Currently, two theories propose to explain which factors control excretion rates: 1) The Theory of Ecological Stoichiometry is based on mass balance models and uses the amount of nutrients in the diet and the fish nutrient demand as predictors of excretion rates; and 2) the Metabolic Theory of Ecology that uses body size and temperature as factors that regulate an organism metabolic rates and, thus, its excretion rates. The relative importance of fish as nutrient recyclers in streams varies depending on species intrinsic characteristics and environmental factors. This includes the magnitude of excretion rates from the entire fish community, the nutrient concentration and nutrient input into the stream, the stream nutrient demand and the period of activity and behavior of the fish. For example, species that are abundant in oligotrophic streams have the potential to represent an important source of nutrients. But other peculiarities, such as diet, specific nutrient demands, or migratory behaviors, can make them important sources or sinks of nutrients in a stream. This article reviews studies that address the role of fish as nutrient recyclers and explains the most common techniques used in this type of studies.

scholarly journals Environmental and scale-dependent evolutionary trends in the body size of crustaceans

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20150440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adiël A. Klompmaker ◽  
Carrie E. Schweitzer ◽  
Rodney M. Feldmann ◽  
Michał Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Brachyuran Crab ◽  
Species Sorting ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Body Sizes

The ecological and physiological significance of body size is well recognized. However, key macroevolutionary questions regarding the dependency of body size trends on the taxonomic scale of analysis and the role of environment in controlling long-term evolution of body size are largely unknown. Here, we evaluate these issues for decapod crustaceans, a group that diversified in the Mesozoic. A compilation of body size data for 792 brachyuran crab and lobster species reveals that their maximum, mean and median body size increased, but no increase in minimum size was observed. This increase is not expressed within lineages, but is rather a product of the appearance and/or diversification of new clades of larger, primarily burrowing to shelter-seeking decapods. This argues against directional selective pressures within lineages. Rather, the trend is a macroevolutionary consequence of species sorting: preferential origination of new decapod clades with intrinsically larger body sizes. Furthermore, body size evolution appears to have been habitat-controlled. In the Cretaceous, reef-associated crabs became markedly smaller than those in other habitats, a pattern that persists today. The long-term increase in body size of crabs and lobsters, coupled with their increased diversity and abundance, suggests that their ecological impact may have increased over evolutionary time.

scholarly journals On the role of body size, brain size, and eye size in visual acuity

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Corral-López ◽  
Maddi Garate-Olaizola ◽  
Severine D. Buechel ◽  
Niclas Kolm ◽  
Alexander Kotrschal
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Eye Size

scholarly journals Body size evolution of oxyurid (Nematoda) parasites: the role of hosts

Oecologia ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Morand ◽  
Pierre Legendre ◽  
Scott Lyell Gardner ◽  
Jean-Pierre Hugot
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Body Size Evolution

Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Howard ◽  
Roger A. Kerin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Brand Attitude ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

PERAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMBAYARAN RETRIBUSI SAMPAH DI KOTA SAMARINDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Abd Rachim AF,
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Behavior

One of the environmental problems in urban areas is the pollution caused by garbage. The waste problem is caused by various factors such as population growth, living standards changes, lifestyles and behavior, as well as how the waste management system. This study aims to determine how the role of society to levy payments garbage in Samarinda. This research was descriptive; where the data is collected then compiled, described and analyzed used relative frequency analysis. The participation of the public to pay a "levy junk", which stated to pay 96.67%, for each month and the rates stated society cheap, moderate and fairly, respectively 46.08%, 21.21%, 21.04%. Base on the data , the role of the community to pay "levy junk" quite high.

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