Glycine betaine application modifies biochemical attributes of osmotic adjustment in drought stressed wheat

We evaluated two osmotic adjustment substances (glycine betaine (GB) and glycine (G) and a combination of both glycine + glycine betaine (G + GB) using two modes of application; irrigation and foliar sprays with Dracaena sanderiana plants. The plants were grown in containers and subjected to two levels of NaCl concentrations (2.0 and 7.5 dS m−1) over 8 weeks. Growth, pigment concentrations, and physiological parameters were assessed at the end of the trial. The foliar application of GB resulted in most optimal plant growth and biomass production in the presence of NaCl. The chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations showed different trends depending on the osmotic adjustment substance applied and the mode of application. Stomatal density and dimensions varied considerably with respect to the osmotic adjustment substance supplied. The concentration of soluble sugars in leaves did not show a clear trend under the different treatments assessed. The exogenous application of G resulted in the highest concentration of free proline and proteins in leaves. The antioxidant capacity in leaves increased with both osmotic adjustment substances, and both means of application, under low and high saline conditions. We concluded that the foliar application of GB can be recommended in order to achieve cost-effective growth of D. sanderiana under saline conditions.

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Osmotic Adjustment of Cyanobacteria: The Effects of NaCl, KCl, Sucrose and Glycine Betaine on Glutamine Synthetase Activity in a Marine and a Halotolerant Strain

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/00221287-130-9-2169 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 130 (9) ◽

pp. 2169-2175 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. R. C. WARR ◽

R. H. REED ◽

W. D. P. STEWART

Keyword(s):

Glutamine Synthetase ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Synthetase Activity ◽

Glutamine Synthetase Activity

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Exogenous Glycine Betaine Reduces Drought Damage by Mediating Osmotic Adjustment and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Phoebe hunanensis

Phyton ◽

10.32604/phyton.2022.016704 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 129-148

Author(s):

Yujie Yang ◽

Chengshi Huang ◽

Zuguo Ge ◽

Bengeng Zhou ◽

Guangju Su ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Drought Damage

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Contribution of Glycine Betaine and Proline to Water Deficit Tolerance in Pepper Plants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13955-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 1044-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Camilo Escalante-Magaña ◽

Luis F. Aguilar-Caamal ◽

Ileana Echevarría-Machado ◽

Fátima Medina-Lara ◽

Lucila Sánchez Cach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Soil Water Potential ◽

Compatible Solutes ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Relative Water ◽

Compatible Osmolytes ◽

Few Data

Water stress is the main factor responsible for decreased productivity, which affects the growth and development of crops. Plants respond to stress by accumulating compatible solutes, which have a key role in osmotic adjustment, thereby resulting in osmoprotection of the plants. The loss of water can increase the concentration of compatible osmolytes and molecules that regulate the plant metabolism. These solutes can be metabolized as sugars (sucrose, fructose, trehalosa), amino acids (proline), an amphoteric quaternary amine (glycine betaine), and other low-molecular-weight metabolites. However, among all these compatible solutes, proline and glycine betaine occur the most. Proline is an amino acid that can accumulate in low concentrations under optimal conditions; however, stress conditions contribute to its increased content. Few data are available regarding the levels of endogenous glycine betaine on Solanaceae, which is considered a nonaccumulator under water deficit conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the role of compatible osmolytes, glycine betaine and proline, in Capsicum sp. plants under different water deficit conditions. In this study, the presence of endogenous levels of proline and glycine betaine in two species of pepper (Capsicum chinense var. Genesis and Rex and Capsicum annuum var. Padron) were found. The concentration levels of proline were 362, 292, and 246 μmol·g−1 DW for Genesis, Rex and Padron respectively, and irrigation conditions (rehydration) of proline levels increased to 381, 395, and 383 μmol·g−1 DW at 21 days. However, glycine betaine levels were 30–70 μmol·g−1 DW. The relative water content, electrolyte leakage, and soil water potential were also analyzed; therefore, the information suggests that proline contributes better to tolerance to water deficit in the genus Capsicum after 14 days of water deficit treatment. It seems that the contribution of glycine betaine is less effective than that of proline; therefore, it does not have an important role in osmotic adjustment.

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Differential Effects of Glycine Betaine and Spermidine on Osmotic Adjustment and Antioxidant Defense Contributing to Improved Drought Tolerance in Creeping Bentgrass

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs03962-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 142 (1) ◽

pp. 20-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nanqing Liu ◽

Shaoyan Lin ◽

Bingru Huang

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Antioxidant Metabolism ◽

Exogenous Application

Glycine betaine (GB) and spermidine (Spd) are known to play roles in plant adaptation to stresses that induce dehydration, including drought stress. The objectives of this study were to examine whether improved drought tolerance by exogenous application of GB or Spd is associated with the increases in the endogenous accumulation of those solutes under drought stress in cool-season turfgrass species, and to determine the relative effects of those solutes on osmotic adjustment (OA) and antioxidant metabolism for improving drought tolerance. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera cv. Penncross) plants were treated with 200 mm GB or 0.1 mm Spd for 3 weeks by weekly foliar application before the exposure to drought stress; those plants were subsequently subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation. The endogenous content of GB and Spd increased significantly through the exogenous application of either compound, to a greater magnitude for GB. The comparison of GB- or Spd-treated plants to untreated plants exposed to drought stress for growth [turf quality (TQ)] and physiological responses (water relations, membrane stability, and antioxidant metabolism) demonstrated that both compounds led to significant improvement in drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass. The improved drought tolerance by exogenous GB could be due to its contribution to OA by significant accumulation of endogenous GB, and activation of antioxidant enzymes with the greatest effects on ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Exogenous Spd did not cause increases in leaf OA despite of the increased endogenous accumulation, but significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, with the most pronounced effects on catalase (CAT). This study demonstrated that GB and Spd had different effects on OA and activated different antioxidant defense pathways, protecting plants from drought damages in creeping bentgrass.

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Drought tolerance in faster- and slower-growing black spruce (Picea mariana) progenies: II. Osmotic adjustment and changes of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids under osmotic stress

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1992.850413.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 645-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Weixing Tan ◽

Terence J. Blake ◽

Timothy J. B. Boyle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Osmotic Stress ◽

Picea Mariana ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates

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Application of Exogenous Protectants Mitigates Salt-Induced Na+ Toxicity and Sustains Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedling Growth: Comparison of Glycine Betaine and Salicylic Acid

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 380

Author(s):

Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani ◽

Jinsai Chen ◽

Mukesh Kumar Soothar ◽

Guangshuai Wang ◽

Xiaojun Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Sodium Toxicity ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Effective Conditions ◽

A Current

Soil salinization adversely affects agricultural productivity. Mitigating the adverse effects of salinity represents a current major challenge for agricultural researchers worldwide. The effects of exogenously applied glycine betaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) on mitigating sodium toxicity and improving the growth of cotton seedlings subjected to salt stress remain unclear. The treatments in a phytotron included a control (CK, exogenously untreated, non-saline), two NaCl conditions (0 and 150 mM), four exogenous GB concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mM), and four exogenous SA concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM). The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK. Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone. Supplementation with 5.0 mM GB and with 1.0 mM SA under NaCl stress were the most effective conditions for mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulation. NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA. Supplementation with 5.0 mM exogenous GB was more effective in controlling the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) under NaCl stress.

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