A method to quantify the 3D microstructure of fibrous materials containing mineral fillers using X-ray microtomography: application to paper materials

X-ray fiber diffraction is potentially a powerful technique to study the structure of fibrous materials, such as DNA and synthetic polymers. However, only rotationally averaged diffraction patterns can be recorded and it is difficult to correctly interpret them without the knowledge of esoteric diffraction theories. Here we demonstrate that, in principle, the non-rotationally averaged 3D structure of a fibrous material can be restored from its fiber diffraction pattern. The method is a simple puzzle-solving process and in ideal cases it does not require any prior knowledge about the structure, such as helical symmetry. We believe that the proposed method has a potential to transform the fiber diffraction to a 3D imaging technique, and will be useful for a wide field of life and materials sciences.

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To the Question of Studying the Regimes of Electro-Plasma Processing of Technogenic Wastes of Incineration Plants of the PRC for the Production of Melt and Fibrous Materials

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.1001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 945 ◽

pp. 1001-1008

Author(s):

S.L. Buyantuev ◽

A.S. Kondratenko ◽

S.A. Blagochinnov

Keyword(s):

Specific Energy Consumption ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Electric Arc ◽

Gas Content ◽

Arc Plasma ◽

Fibrous Materials ◽

Insulating Materials ◽

X Ray ◽

Ash Melting ◽

Technogenic Wastes

The article presents the results of melting industrial waste incineration plants in China in electric arc plasma and demonstrated the possibility of melting the wastes in podrihtovali for production of a melt and producing fibrous materials based on it.Studies were carried out by optical and electron microscopy, spectral and x-ray analysis, as well as by capillary electrophoresis to determine the cation-anion composition. For processing of ash the electromagnetic technological reactor in which its melting was made was used. The presented melting unit made it possible to smoothly regulate the temperature and keep it at the outlet of the jet from the Letka, which made it possible to reduce the power consumption for the production of melt and fiber production. The experiments on melting showed a high gas content in the process of melting of the waste. Therefore, initially, to study the possible composition of the gas, the TERRA program modeling the process of ash melting with the release of gas was used, and the reactor parameters were calculated to determine the effective power and specific energy consumption. Thus, the purpose of the tasks was to obtain a homogeneous melt with associated purification of waste gases, followed by an analysis of its material composition, as well as the production of a thin mineral fiber to produce heat-insulating materials of the fibrous structure.

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Amorphous Solids, Small Particles and Thin Surface Films

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800000094 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 73-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. Schossberger

Keyword(s):

Electroless Nickel ◽

Surface Films ◽

Fibrous Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Surface Layers ◽

X Ray ◽

Cold Rolled ◽

Combination Of Methods ◽

Diffraction Effects ◽

The Relationship

AbstractA comprehensive chart is preserit of the X-ray diffraction effects of gas-and Uquid-like armorphous substances, small particle-size materials, mixtures of amorphous and crystalline compounds, sheetlike crystals, and fibrous materials.The relationship between the X-ray diagrams and chemical preparations as shown by typical examples from the field of the manufacture of active catalysts cadmium sulfide semiconductors, pour point-depressed lubricants, electroless nickel platings and metal-filled cellulose fibers.The investigation of thin surface layers formed by chemical reactions required the combination of electron and X-ray diffraction techniques. The usefulness of this combination of methods is demonstrated by a study of black stain formation on cold rolled annealed steel. By identifying the materials in the stain and determining the sequence in which they formed a reaction mechanism between steel surface and annealing-gas can be postulated.

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Analysis of Diatomaceous Earth by X-ray Fluorescence Techniques

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800013987 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 203-208

Author(s):

Jim Parker

Keyword(s):

Diatomaceous Earth ◽

Lithium Borate ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Matrix Correction ◽

Minor And Trace Elements ◽

X Ray ◽

Fundamental Parameters ◽

Fluorescence Techniques ◽

Mineral Fillers ◽

Catalyst Carriers

The use of diatomaceous earth in industry as filtering aids, mineral fillers, catalyst carriers, chromatographic supports, and paint additives is well documented. The diatomite matrix is well suited to x-ray analysis, but this application has not been cited in the literature. In our laboratory, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been used to support the analytical needs of diatomite product development. Lithium borate fusion and pressed powder techniques have been used to determine major, minor, and trace elements in diatomite and synthetic silicate samples. Conventional matrix correction models and fundamental parameters have been used to reduce x-ray measurements to accurate chemical analyses.

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Comprehensive characterization of TSV etching performance with phase-contrast X-ray microtomography

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577520005494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 1023-1032 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ke Li ◽

Biao Deng ◽

Haipeng Zhang ◽

Fucheng Yu ◽

Yanling Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Phase Contrast ◽

Phase Retrieval ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Linear Interpolation ◽

Curvature Radius ◽

Element Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

3D Microstructure

Comprehensive evaluation of through-silicon via (TSV) reliability often requires deterministic and 3D descriptions of local morphological and statistical features of via formation with the Bosch process. Here, a highly sensitive phase-contrast X-ray microtomography approach is presented based on recorrection of abnormal projections, which provides comprehensive and quantitative characterization of TSV etching performance. The key idea is to replace the abnormal projections at specific angles in principles of linear interpolation of neighboring projections, and to distinguish the interface between silicon and air by using phase-retrieval algorithms. It is demonstrated that such a scheme achieves high accuracy in obtaining the etch profile based on the 3D microstructure of the vias, including diameter, bottom curvature radius, depth and sidewall angle. More importantly, the 3D profile error of the via sidewall and the consistency of parameters among all the vias are achieved and analyzed statistically. The datasets in the results and the 3D microstructure can be applied directly to a reference and model for further finite element analysis. This method is general and has potentially broad applications in 3D integrated circuits.

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3D CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD BASED FIBROUS MATERIALS: AN APPLICATION

Image Analysis & Stereology ◽

10.5566/ias.v25.p25-35 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Jérôme Lux ◽

Christine Delisée ◽

Xavier Thibault

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characterization ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Fibrous Materials ◽

Local Orientation ◽

Mesoscopic Scale ◽

3D Images ◽

X Ray ◽

Fibrous Network ◽

Non Destructive

Morphological characterization of wood based fibrous materials is carried out using X-ray tomography. This technique allows the non destructive observation at the scales of a fibre (microscopic scale) and of a network of fibres (mesoscopic scale). The 3D images are processed using classical tools of mathematical morphology. Measures of porosities and estimations of the size distributions of fibres and pores are carried out and compared to other results. An alternative method for the calculation of the local orientation of the fibres is also described to quantify the anisotropy of the fibres network. Finally, the individualization of the fibres is obtained from the representation of the fibrous network as a 3D skeleton, making possible further measurements on the isolated fibres.

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Controlling Extrinsic Chloride Ions Effect on Copper Wirebond Reliability

International Symposium on Microelectronics ◽

10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

pp. 000095-000099 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sheila F Chopin ◽

Varughese Mathew

Keyword(s):

Analytical Techniques ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Airborne Particles ◽

Fibrous Materials ◽

Foreign Material ◽

Metal Chlorides ◽

X Ray ◽

Machine Maintenance ◽

Microelectronic Devices ◽

Different Shapes

Abstract Copper (Cu) wirebond (WB) reliability in encapsulated microelectronic devices is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic chloride ions. Previous work showed that intrinsic extractable chloride (Cl) ions that are part of the epoxy mold compound (EMC) can cause Cu-Al intermetallic (IMC) or Al pad corrosion under moisture-temperature reliability conditions. Another mode of Cl corrosion occurs due to the entrapment of Cl foreign material (FM) particles that can release Cl ions after molding the device. Intrinsic EMC and extrinsic Cl ions in encapsulated EMC must be defined, analyzed, and controlled to limit the potential for corrosion. Extrinsic Cl ions from FM (Foreign Material) particles can originate from human sources, the environment, assembly processes, and assembly tools. This paper focuses on extrinsic Cl ions from Cl-FM. Cl-FM embedded in EMC can be determined by dissolving the EMC in a solvent followed by filtration. The isolated FM was characterized by various techniques including: Scanning Electron Microscopy - energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM – EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the structure of the Cl-FM compounds. The FTIR Analysis determines the presence of C-Cl bond by identifying stretching bond frequency in the region of 800 – 600 cm−1 that determines if the Cl-FM particle is organic. The combination of analytical techniques was used to identify the source of the Cl-FM. The types of Cl FM particles discovered were both organic and inorganic in nature, and of different shapes and sizes. The smaller size particles < 30μm posed a challenge for some particle type identification accuracies. Airborne particles are one of the main sources of Cl FM particles that can be entrapped in the EMC. Airborne particles are created by environmental dust, human wear, abrasion and handing, and machine maintenance. The primary Cl FM particles were found to be carbon-chlorine polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and inorganic chlorides including metal chlorides. Many of the EMC materials found to have entrapped natural and synthetic fibrous materials with embedded Cl compounds. The 175°C mold process and 260°C reflow thermal effect degrading the Cl FM particle in the EMC matrix could generate Cl depending on the additives and modifiers. Investigations were performed to develop hypotheses of how Cl FM particles are generated in the EMC and how the FM particles could be controlled.

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