Extending Research on Neighborhoods and Crime: An Examination of Mortgage Fraud across Chicago Census Tracts

Purpose: Examine if Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are more likely to be located in low food access area (LFA) census tracts compared to public non-HBCUs. Design: ArcGIS Pro was utilized to capture food environments and census tract sociodemographic data. Setting: The sample included 98 HBCUs and 777 public non-HBCUs within the United States. 28.9% of study census tracts were classified as LFA tracts. Measures: University data were gathered from the National Center for Education Statistics. Census tract-level LFA classification was informed by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Access Research Atlas. Covariates included population density and neighborhood socioeconomic status of census tracts containing subject universities. Analysis: Multilevel logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between university type and LFA classification. Results: A higher percentage of HBCUs (46.9%) than public non-HBCUs (26.6%) were located in LFAs. After adjusting for population density and neighborhood socioeconomic status, university type was significantly associated with food access classification (B=0.71;p=.0036). The odds of an HBCU being located in LFA tracts were 104% greater than for a public non-HBCU (OR=2.04;95% CI=1.26,3.29). Conclusion: Findings underscore the need for policy interventions tailored to HBCU students to promote food security, environmental justice, and public health.

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Examining the Neighborhood Attributes of Recently Housed Partner Violence Survivors in Rapid Rehousing

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4177

Author(s):

Charvonne N. Holliday ◽

Kristin Bevilacqua ◽

Karen Trister Grace ◽

Langan Denhard ◽

Arshdeep Kaur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partner Violence ◽

Housing Affordability ◽

Structural Racism ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Social Familiarity ◽

Choropleth Maps ◽

Economic Tradeoffs ◽

Safety And Stability ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Neighborhood Level

Survivors’ considerations for re-housing following intimate partner violence (IPV) are understudied despite likely neighborhood-level influences on women’s safety. We assess housing priorities and predictors of re-housing location among recent IPV survivors (n = 54) in Rapid Re-housing (RRH) in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Choropleth maps depict residential location relative to census tract characteristics (neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and residential segregation) derived from American Community Survey data (2013–2017). Linear regression measured associations between women’s individual, economic, and social factors and NDI and segregation. In-depth interviews (n = 16) contextualize quantitative findings. Overall, survivors re-housed in significantly more deprived and racially segregated census tracts within their respective regions. In adjusted models, trouble securing housing (B = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.13, 1.34), comfortability with proximity to loved ones (B = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.48), and being unsure (vs unlikely) about IPV risk (B = −0.76, 95% CI: −1.39, −0.14) were significantly associated with NDI. Economic dependence on an abusive partner (B = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.56, −0.06) predicted re-housing in segregated census tracts; occasional stress about housing affordability (B = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75) predicted re-housing in less segregated census tracts. Qualitative results contextualize economic (affordability), safety, and social (familiarity) re-housing considerations and process impacts (inspection delays). Structural racism, including discriminatory housing practices, intersect with gender, exacerbating challenges among survivors of severe IPV. This mixed-methods study further highlights the significant economic tradeoffs for safety and stability, where the prioritization of safety may exacerbate economic devastation for IPV survivors. Findings will inform programmatic policies for RRH practices among survivors.

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SAFER model: Strategic allocation of fundamental epidemic resources

Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/pubmed/fdaa179 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

B W Weston ◽

Z N Swingen ◽

S Gramann ◽

D Pojar

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Real Time ◽

Community Based ◽

Broad Distribution ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Milwaukee County ◽

Strategic Allocation ◽

Four Quadrant ◽

Time Resource ◽

Critical Resources

Abstract Background To describe the Strategic Allocation of Fundamental Epidemic Resources (SAFER) model as a method to inform equitable community distribution of critical resources and testing infrastructure. Methods The SAFER model incorporates a four-quadrant design to categorize a given community based on two scales: testing rate and positivity rate. Three models for stratifying testing rates and positivity rates were applied to census tracts in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin: using median values (MVs), cluster-based classification and goal-oriented values (GVs). Results Each of the three approaches had its strengths. MV stratification divided the categories most evenly across geography, aiding in assessing resource distribution in a fixed resource and testing capacity environment. The cluster-based stratification resulted in a less broad distribution but likely provides a truer distribution of communities. The GVs grouping displayed the least variation across communities, yet best highlighted our areas of need. Conclusions The SAFER model allowed the distribution of census tracts into categories to aid in informing resource and testing allocation. The MV stratification was found to be of most utility in our community for near real time resource allocation based on even distribution of census tracts. The GVs approach was found to better demonstrate areas of need.

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Policing gentrification or policing displacement? Testing the relationship between order maintenance policing and neighbourhood change in Los Angeles

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098021993354 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 004209802199335

Author(s):

Charles R. Collins ◽

Forrest Stuart ◽

Patrick Janulis

Keyword(s):

Los Angeles ◽

Low Income ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Police Department ◽

Relative Displacement ◽

Simultaneous Increase ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Order Maintenance ◽

Neighbourhood Change ◽

Number Of Citations

Urban scholars increasingly contend that local police departments play a central role in facilitating neighbourhood change. Recent critics warn that ‘order maintenance’ policing and other low-level law enforcement tactics are deployed in gentrifying areas to displace ‘disorderly’ populations. Despite influential qualitative case studies, there remains scant quantitative research testing this relationship, and few studies that evaluate the link between policing, displacement and gentrification. We address this lacuna, drawing on new citation data from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and employing a measure of neighbourhood change that focuses on the displacement of low-income residents. Examining policing patterns in 978 US Census tracts in Los Angeles over four years, our analysis reveals that tracts experiencing gentrification – defined as the simultaneous increase in non-poor residents and decrease in the number of people in poverty – experience a greater number of citations compared with other tract types. Similar patterns emerge in our analysis of citations that explicitly target homelessness and extreme poverty. In post-hoc analyses, we found that Census tracts characterised by a decrease in the number of people in poverty experienced greater numbers of total police citations and of citations targeting homeless individuals, compared with other tract types. These findings carry important theoretical implications for understanding the divergent manifestations of, and potential mechanisms driving, order maintenance policing. Methodologically, we contend that police citations provide a more precise measure of order maintenance policing compared with previous studies, and that classifying neighbourhoods in terms of relative displacement of residents in poverty provides much-needed interpretive clarity.

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Predicting owner-occupied housing values using machine learning: an empirical investigation of California census tracts data

Journal of Property Research ◽

10.1080/09599916.2021.1890187 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-32

Author(s):

Prodosh E. Simlai

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

Housing Values ◽

Census Tracts

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Elevated COVID19 mortality risk in detroit area hospitals among patients from census tracts with extreme socioeconomic vulnerability

EClinicalMedicine ◽

10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 100814

Author(s):

Avnish Sandhu ◽

Steven J. Korzeniewski ◽

Jordan Polistico ◽

Harshita Pinnamaneni ◽

Sushmitha Nanja Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Risk ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Socioeconomic Vulnerability ◽

Detroit Area

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ID: 89: RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SPATIAL CLUSTERING OF COLONOSCOPY RESOURCES WITHIN THE CITY OF CHICAGO

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.1136/jim-2016-000120.52 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 936.2-937 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K Naylor ◽

O Kassim ◽

K Kim

Keyword(s):

Spatial Clustering ◽

Census Bureau ◽

Geospatial Analysis ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

South Side ◽

White Race ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Population Demographic ◽

The City ◽

Hispanic White

BackgroundIn Illinois for the year 2015, colorectal cancer (CRC) is projected to cause 2,090 deaths, making it the leading cause of non-tobacco related cancer mortality. African American or black Illinois residents have an approximately 7% greater incidence and a 30% higher mortality rate when compared to white residents. Guideline consistent CRC screening is known to increase early diagnosis and reduce cancer related death. Colonoscopy is the most commonly performed screening modality and diagnostic colonoscopy is required for follow up of abnormal non-invasive screening tests.The City of Chicago is home to 2.7 million residents, of whom 31% are non-Hispanic white and 37% are non-Hispanic black. Chicago is known to have significant residential racial segregation with 69% of the total non-Hispanic black population living within communities located south of Roosevelt Avenue, on Chicago's south side. Relatively homogenous minority communities, such as Chicago's south side, are prone to the development of healthcare inequities that may result in the development of healthcare disparities.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to use geographic information systems and geospatial analysis to investigate the spatial distribution of healthcare facilities that perform colonoscopy within the City of Chicago.MethodsPopulation demographic data by census block was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. The locations of facilities performing colonoscopy procedures were identified through internet search; review of Illinois Department of Public Health hospital listings; and ambulatory surgery center (ASC) accreditation listings. Each facility was contacted by phone to confirm performance of on-site colonoscopy and to obtain the number of on-site endoscopy procedure rooms. The addresses of facilities were geocoded using GPS Visualizer. City of Chicago census tract boundaries were mapped using U.S. Census Bureau Tiger Line shapefiles. Maps were created and geospatial analysis was performed using Esri ArcMap version 10.2.ResultsWithin the City of Chicago, a total of 41 facilities were identified that perform on-site colonoscopy. Of the 41 facilities, 26 were hospital-based and 15 were ASC-based. 10 of 26 (38%) Hospital-based colonoscopy sites and 3 of 15 (20%) ASC-based colonoscopy sites were located on Chicago's south side. There were a total of 134 endoscopy procedure rooms reported across the 41 facilities. 30 of the 134 (22%) endoscopy procedure rooms were located on Chicago's south side. Spatial overlap was observed between areas with clustering of endoscopy procedure rooms and census tracts with greater than 80% non-Hispanic white race.ConclusionsThere is an unequal distribution of colonoscopy facilities and endoscopy procedure rooms across the City of Chicago with geographic clustering of colonoscopy infrastructure observed on Chicago's north side within census tracts comprised of greater than 80% non-Hispanic white race. Census tracts containing high proportions of non-Hispanic black race were clustered on Chicago's south side within areas with a relative paucity of colonoscopy infrastructure. The spatial clustering of colonoscopy procedure rooms represents a healthcare resource inequity that may contribute to the persistence of disparities in CRC related mortality among non-Hispanic black communities in Chicago.

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