AbstractThe manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using an external magnetic field, has been demonstrated to be useful in various biomedical applications. Some techniques have evolved utilizing this non-invasive external stimulus but the scientific community widely adopts few, and there is an excellent potential for more novel methods. The primary focus of this study is on understanding the manipulation of MNPs by a time-varying static magnetic field and how this can be used, at different frequencies and displacement, to manipulate cellular function. Here we explore, using numerical modeling, the physical mechanism which underlies this kind of manipulation, and we discuss potential improvements which would enhance such manipulation with its use in biomedical applications, i.e., increasing the MNP response by improving the field parameters. From our observations and other related studies, we infer that such manipulation depends mostly on the magnetic field gradient, the magnetic susceptibility and size of the MNPs, the magnet array oscillating frequency, the viscosity of the medium surrounding MNPs, and the distance between the magnetic field source and the MNPs. Additionally, we demonstrate cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro. This was induced by incubation with MNPs, followed by exposure to a magnetic field gradient, physically oscillating at various frequencies and displacement amplitudes. Even though this technique reliably produces MNP endocytosis and/or cytotoxicity, a better biophysical understanding is required to develop the mechanism used for this precision manipulation of MNPs, in vitro.
Erratum to Estimates of the errors when determining the direction and localization of the magnetic-field source of a dipole model
