Search engines, cognitive biases and the man–computer interaction: a theoretical framework for empirical researches about cognitive biases in online search on health-related topics

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Luca Russo ◽  
Selena Russo
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Computer Interaction

Flavor halos andconsumer perceptions offood healthfulness

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-707
Author(s):  
Nguyen Pham ◽  
Maureen Morrin ◽  
Melissa G. Bublitz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Dietary Compliance ◽  
Health Goals ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Cough Syrup

Purpose This paper aims to examine how repeated exposure to health-related products that contain flavors (e.g. cherry-flavored cough syrup) create “flavor halos” that can bias perceptions about the healthfulness of foods that contain the same flavors (e.g. cherry-flavored cheesecake). Design/methodology/approach Six experiments, using both between- and within-subjects designs, explore the effects of flavor halos in hypothetical and actual consumption settings. They test the underlying mechanism, rule out competing explanations and identify an opportunity to correct the cognitive biases created by flavor halos. Findings Flavor halos can be created via repeated exposure to flavored medicinal products in the marketplace. These flavor halos bias dieters’ judgments about the healthfulness of vice foods containing such flavors. Dieters are motivated toward a directional conclusion about food healthfulness to mediate the guilt associated with consuming indulgent products. Providing dieters with corrective information mitigates these effects. Research limitations/implications The authors examine one way flavor halos are created –via repeated exposure to flavored medicinal products. Future research should explore other ways flavor halos are created and other ways to mitigate their effects. Practical implications Considering the prevalence of obesity, organizations striving to help consumers pursue health goals (e.g. weight watchers) can use flavors to improve dietary compliance. Health-care organizations can help consumers understand and correct the cognitive biases associated with flavor halos. Originality/value By identifying flavor halos, this work adds to the literature investigating how flavors influence consumers’ judgments about healthfulness. The results suggest dieters apply flavor halos as they engage in motivated reasoning to license their indulgent desires.

A Formal Model for Managing Multiple Observation Data in Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Watanee Jearanaiwongkul ◽  
Frederic Andres ◽  
Chutiporn Anutariya
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Similarity Function ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Contextual Data ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Key Characteristics

Nowadays, farmers can search for treatments for their plants using search engines and applications. Most existing works are developed in the form of rule-based question answering platforms. However, an observation could be incorrectly given by the farmer. This work recommends that diseases and treatments must be considered from a set of related observations. Thus, we develop a theoretical framework for systems to manage a farmer's observation data. We investigate and formalize desirable characteristics of such systems. The observation data is attached with a geolocation in which related contextual data is found. The framework is formalized based on algebra, in which required types and functions are identified. Its key characteristics are described by: (1) the defined type called warncons for representing observation data; (2) the similarity function for warncons; and (3) the warncons composition function for composing similar warncons. Finally, we show that the framework helps observation data to become richer and improve advice-finding.

Vestigial Biological Structures

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Senter ◽  
Zenis Ambrocio ◽  
Julia B. Andrade ◽  
Katanya K. Foust ◽  
Jasmine E. Gaston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Biology Textbooks ◽  
Biological Structures ◽  
Vestigial Structures

Lists of vestigial biological structures in biology textbooks are so short that some young-Earth creationist authors claim that scientists have lost confidence in the existence of vestigial structures and can no longer identify any verifiable ones. We tested these hypotheses with a method that is easily adapted to biology classes. We used online search engines to find examples of 21st-century articles in primary scientific literature in which biological structures are identified as vestigial. Our results falsify these creationist hypotheses and show that scientists currently identify many structures as vestigial in animals, plants, and single-celled organisms. Examples include not only organs but also cells, organelles, and parts of molecules. Having students repeat this study will give them experience with hypothesis testing, introduce them to primary scientific articles, and further their education on vestigial structures.

scholarly journals Emotional information-processing correlates of mental health in adolescence: A network analysis approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Parsons ◽  
Charlotte Booth ◽  
Annabel Songco ◽  
Elaine Fox
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Positive Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Interpretation Biases ◽  
Model Complex ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Emotional Information Processing

The Combined Cognitive Bias Hypothesis proposes that emotional information processing biases associate with each other and may interact to conjointly influence mental health. Yet, little is known about the interrelationships amongst cognitive biases, particularly in adolescence. We used data from the CogBIAS longitudinal study (Booth et al. 2017), including 451 adolescents who completed measures of interpretation bias, memory bias, and a validated measure of general mental health in a typical population. We used a moderated network modelling approach to examine positive mental health related moderation of the cognitive bias network. Mental health was directly connected to positive and negative memory biases, and positive interpretation biases, but not negative interpretation biases. Further, we observed some mental health related moderation of the network structure. Network connectivity decreased with higher positive mental health scores. Network approaches allow us to model complex relationships amongst cognitive biases and develop novel hypotheses for future research.

Bringing together the Listening Guide and Moral Self-Definition for narrative analysis of older people’s understanding of health-related decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-610
Author(s):  
Kate Robins-Browne ◽  
Marilys Guillemin ◽  
Kelsey Hegarty ◽  
Victoria Jane Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Listening Guide ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Listening Guide ◽  
The Relationship

Identity and decision-making are interrelated concepts, but the relationship between them is complex particularly when an unwell person’s ability to make decisions is compromised. In this article we discuss how moral self-definition (Nelson, 2001;Walker, 1987) can be used within a Listening Guide (LG) analysis to extend analysis of the temporal relationship between identity and decisions. In this project, the LG was used to analyze interviews exploring older people’s understanding of medical decision-making when the unwell person’s capacity is diminished. The second step of the LG drew attention to the participants’ expression of decision-making voices and health-related identities, but the iterative and temporal relationship between identity and decisions was less well illuminated. Therefore, we applied the theoretical framework of moral self-definition within the third listening. The focus of this article is on how moral self-definition can be integrated as a theoretical framework within the contrapuntal listening to extend the LG analysis.

Why Don't You Act Your Age?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Green
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
Random Forest Classifier ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Concrete Operational ◽  
Direct Feedback ◽  
Insight Into

Online search engines for children are known to filter retrieved resources based on page complexity, and offer specialized functionality meant to address gaps in search literacy according to a user's age or grade. However, not every searcher grouped by these identifiers displays the same level of text comprehension, or requires the same aid with search. Furthermore, these search engines typically rely on direct feedback to ascertain these identifiers. This reliance on self identification may cause users to accidentally misrepresent themselves. We therefore seek to recognize users from skill based signals rather than utilizing age or grade identifiers, as skill dictates appropriate aid and resources. Therefore, in this thesis we propose a strategy that automatically recognizes users on the fly by analyzing search behavior found in search sessions. In particular, our efforts focus on recognizing the stereotypical 8 to 12 year old searcher, who we posit exhibits skills defined by developmental stages that have a strong impact on language development (Piaget's concrete operational stage) and search literacy (digital competency's first level). This strategy analyzes user-generated text extracted from queries and patterns of search interactions in order to infer features that are leveraged by a random forest classifier in order to determine whether or not a user is a part of this specific segment of searchers. The outcomes from this thesis lay the groundwork for enabling search engines to recognize users based on their search skills and provides further insight into the search behavior of youths.

Remediating Interaction

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Roger Gacula Pineda
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Computer Interaction

The concept of interaction is foundational in technology interface design with its presuppositions being taken for granted. But the interaction metaphor has become ambiguous to the extent that its application to interface design contributes to misalignments between peoples' expected and actual experience with computer-enhanced actions. This chapter re-examines the presuppositions governing human-computer interaction with the motivation of strengthening weaknesses in their foundational concepts, and contributing a theoretical framework to designing for artistic as well as mundane experience. It argues for abandoning the interaction metaphor to refocus design discourse toward the intermediation and mediation roles of technology interfaces. Remediation (i.e., representation of one medium in another) is proposed as a conceptual model that more precisely describes the human-to-computer actions.

Locating the Best Available Research

2016 ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
John C. Norcross ◽  
Thomas P. Hogan ◽  
Gerald P. Koocher ◽  
Lauren A. Maggio
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Controlled Vocabularies ◽  
Test Information

This chapter reviews unfiltered information sources, which contain “virtually everything” published, without filter or fetter. Unfiltered information can be found in a wide variety of online search tools and bibliographic databases, such as MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, and is generally the basis for all other kinds of research evidence. This chapter also introduces specialized evidence-based search engines. A weakness of unfiltered information is that it needs to be analyzed and synthesized, which can prove time-consuming. To facilitate the retrieval of unfiltered information, the chapter describes the advanced approach of using controlled vocabularies such as medical subject headings (MeSH). The chapter concludes by covering resources for accessing evidence on behavioral health tests and measures, including test reviews, test information databases, and test publishers.

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