scholarly journals Allelic diversity study of functional genes in East Africa bread wheat highlights opportunities for genetic improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Wamalwa ◽  
Zerihun Tadesse ◽  
Lucy Muthui ◽  
Nasser Yao ◽  
Habtemariam Zegeye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Staple Crop

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop in East Africa (EA) providing 9% and 10% of daily calories and protein intake, respectively. However, EA countries depend on import to meet 55% of their domestic wheat supplies due to increasing demands and low domestic yields. To determine the beneficial gene pool currently exploited for wheat improvement in EA, we examined the allelic diversity of 39 genes of breeding importance in a collection of 239 wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Kenya and Ethiopia using KASP markers. The assayed genes have been shown to control variations in plant height, thousand kernel weight (TKW), grain protein content, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), disease resistance, and flowering time. We observed the beneficial alleles of some major genes including Gpc-B1, Yr5, Yr15, Sr26, and Fhb1 to be missing or present at low frequencies in this population. Furthermore, we validated the effects of the major Rht-1 alleles and TaCKX-D1 in controlling variation in plant height and thousand kernel weight, respectively, under EA conditions. Our results uncover hitherto unexploited allelic diversity that can be used to improve the genetic potential of EA wheat germplasm. This will inform strategies to rapidly mobilize these beneficial alleles for wheat improvement in EA.

scholarly journals Allelic diversity study of functional genes in East Africa bread wheat highlights opportunities for genetic improvement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Wamalwa ◽  
Zerihun Tadesse ◽  
Lucy Muthui ◽  
Nasser Yao ◽  
Habtemariam Zegeye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Staple Crop

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop in East Africa (EA) providing 9% and 10% of daily calories and protein intake, respectively. However, EA countries depend on import to meet 55% of their domestic wheat supplies due to increasing demands and low domestic yields. To determine the beneficial gene pool currently exploited for wheat improvement in EA, we examined the allelic diversity of 42 genes of breeding importance in a collection of 239 wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Kenya and Ethiopia using KASP markers. The assayed genes have been shown to control variations in plant height, thousand kernel weight (TKW), grain protein content, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), disease resistance and flowering time. We observed the beneficial alleles of some major genes including Rht-D1, Gpc-B1, Yr5, Yr15, Sr26, and Fhb1 to be missing or present at low frequencies in this population. Furthermore, we validated the effects of the major Rht-1 alleles and TaCKX-6A in controlling variation in plant height and thousand kernel weight, respectively, under EA conditions. Our results uncover hitherto unexploited allelic diversity that can be used to improve the genetic potential of EA wheat germplasm. This will inform strategies to rapidly mobilize these beneficial alleles for wheat improvement in EA.

scholarly journals Management of Leaf Blight (Bipolaris sorokiniana) Disease of Wheat with Cultural Practices

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
PCP Chaurasia ◽  
E Duveiller
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Late Sowing

An experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Agriculture research Station, Tarahara,Nepal for three consecutive years viz 2000/2001,2001/2002, and 2002/2003 to evaluate theeffects of different cultural practices on leaf blight diseases of wheat caused by Bipolarissorokiniana under terai conditions. The experiment was conducted in factorial RandomizedComplete Block Design with four replications. Four factors, two wheat verities RR-21 andNepal 297,two number of irrigations (two and three irrigations), two doses of Nitrogen fertilizerviz. 60kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha and two dates of sowing of wheat were examined. Differentyield components, grain yield (kg/plot) and disease severity were recorded to judge the effects ofthese factors on severity of leaf blight of wheat. Nepal Line 297 had significantly less AUDPCbased on flag leaf infection and whole plan as compared to RR-21. Number of irrigations had nosignificant effect on AUDPC, as there was frequent rain during experimental period. Doses ofNitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. It was higher incase of 60 kg N/ha. The third week of November sowing of wheat had lower value of AUDPCas compared to December sowing. Plant height, panicle lengths were highly significantly higherin case of RR-21 as compared to Nepal-297. Thousand kernel weight, and grain yield kg/ha weresignificantly higher in Nepal-297. All agronomic parameters except thousand kernel weight andnumber of tillers/plan were significantly higher in 120kg N/ha. The third week of Novembersowing of wheat had less plant height and panicle length, higher thousand kernel weight andmore grain yield. Leaf blight severity was highly significantly less in case of Nepal-297. Dosesof Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, panicle length, thousand kernelweight, percentage flag leaf infection and AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. Based on theresults of three years of experimentations, it can be concluded that Nepal-297 had less disease,number of irrigations had no effect on disease severity, higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer hadless flag infection and late sowing of wheat also had less disease. Numbers of irrigation's effectswere inconclusive as there were frequent rains during experimentation period. Based on aboveconclusion, it is recommended that growing wheat verity like Nepal-297, use of higher doses ofnitrogen fertilizer and sowing of wheat / first week of Dec help in minimizing the severity of leafblight. However late sowing had lowered grain yield.Key words: AUDPC; culture practices; disease management; leaf blightDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1870Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.63-69

scholarly journals Morpho-Agronomical and Nutritional Evaluation of Cultivated Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) Lines Sown in Autumn and Spring Seasons

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Servet Kefi ◽  
Orhan Kavuncu ◽  
Engin Bıyıklı ◽  
Ayten Salantur ◽  
Mehmet Emin Alyamaç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Neolithic Age ◽  
Different Seasons

Nowadays diploid einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum), widely cultivated in the Neolithic age, has been reconsidered as the valuable genetic resource for breeding and organic farming due to its high resistance to pests and diseases, adaptation to harsh climates, ability to provide acceptable yields on poor soils even with low/without inputs and high nutritional values. In this research, local 45 cultivated einkorn lines, selected from 500 single rows planted by each single spikes collected from total 50 farmers’ fields in 34 villages of Kastamonu/Turkey, were evaluated in terms of their morpho-agronomical traits and nutritional characteristics during two sowing seasons, autumn 2017 and spring 2018. Einkorn lines sown in two different seasons showed significant variations for heading time, plant height, lodging susceptibility, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, gross grain yield, amount of glume, single kernel weight, kernel diameter, hardness index, grain protein content and the color (a, b, L) values of flour. Furthermore, most of the correlation coefficients between these characteristics were found to be significant. All lines showed “facultative” growth habit, flowering well when sown both in autumn and in spring. Although lines sown in autumn had more yields, the same lines sown in spring provided higher grain quality and more resistance to lodging due to having shorter stems. In order to enable sustainable future use of einkorn, further research is suggested for reduction of plant height to avoid lodging and improvement of grain yield to compete with modern high yielding wheat cultivars.  

scholarly journals Phenotypic Diversity of Nepalese Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Accessions at IAAS, Rampur, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswash Raj Bastola ◽  
M.P. Pandey ◽  
B.R. Ojha ◽  
S.K. Ghimire ◽  
K. Baral
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Grain Color ◽  
Finger Width

An experiment was conducted at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Nepal during July 2011 to September 2011 with an objectine to determine phenotypic variability of Nepalese finger millet landraces using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. F- Value of REML procedure of mixed model analysis revealed that highly significant variation was observed in all studied 17 traits. Grain yield per plant was positive and highly significant correlated with grain yield per ear (0.769**) followed by plant height (0.529**), productive tillers number (0.473**), days to maturity (0.471**), days to heading (0.460**), days to flowering (0.457**), straw yield per plant (0.348**), finger number per ear (0.320**), thousand kernel weight (0.281**), flag leaf sheath width (0.230**) and finger length (0.211**). The ear shape (H’= 3.42) followed by grain color (H’= 3.35) showed high genetic diversity after estimated by using Shannon- Weaver index. 46% open type ear shape, 40% light brown grain color, 66% non-pigmentation, 70% absence of inflorescence branch and 54% absence of finger branch were found dominant to other on studied accessions. The distribution pattern was observed by using Ward’s minimumvariance method into five clusters. The number of accessions in a cluster was ranged from 18 in cluster IV to 1 in cluster V. The cluster V (accession no. 10996) and III (accessions no. 431 and 11024) showed early phenological traits, lowest in finger length, finger width, finger number per ear, thousand kernel weight, grain yield per ear and grain yield per plant. The cluster II and IV showed late maturity type, long finger length and width, high in finger number per ear, grain yield per ear, grain yield per plant and plant height. The first five principal components accounted for 74.9% of total variance among 50 accessions. Most of variation was contributed from phenological characters, plant height, grain yield per ear, finger length, finger width, finger number per ear and productive tillers number. These traits were positively correlated with grain yield and can be used in selection for breeding programs.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(2): 285-290 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12413 

scholarly journals Field Population Density Effects on Field Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Maize

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Vasileios Greveniotis ◽  
Stylianos Zotis ◽  
Evangelia Sioki ◽  
Constantinos Ipsilandis
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Maize Hybrids

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of population density and row spacing on field yield and other morphological characteristics of two commercial F1 maize hybrids of different biological cycle (Costanza and LG3535) in a four-year period. Field experiments were conducted in a split-split plot design, in two population densities and three types of row spacing, involving single or twin rows. Ten plants from each plot were selected randomly and plant height, ear emergence height, ear length, ear diameter, number of grain rows per ear, grains number per ear, grain weight per ear, spindle weight per ear, and spindle diameter were measured. Grain yield of each plot was measured and field yield, thousand kernel weight and bulk density were calculated. Four years of experimentation clarified that environmental conditions may distort all other effects of the factors studied. This study points out the best combination of plant density and row configuration. High populations and twin or narrow rows (50 cm) were found to be important for maximizing yield of modern maize hybrids. Differences between hybrids were not significant, although Costanza exhibited greater mean field yield performance (14,364 kg/ha). Plant density was a significant factor and yield was increasing from low to high plant population (from 13,900 to 14,527 kg/ha). Plant density and genetic materials affected thousand kernel weights that showed the highest value at low plant density (364 g). Row spacing showed a significant interaction with year. Generally, twin or narrow rows favored many characteristics, especially height characteristics. Plant height reached 320 cm and ear height reached 149 cm. Ear diameter was favored by low plant density. Some ear characteristics were found to be depended on the genotype behavior in the certain environmental conditions. For spindle weight per ear, a total interaction between years, row spacing, hybrids, and plant density was found. For spindle diameter, various significant interactions were found, including years (maximum also in 2009), row spacing, and plant density and also row spacing, hybrids, and plant density. Many correlations were found significant especially between yield and thousand kernel weight, spindle weight per ear, and ear diameter that may prove to be useful for plant breeders.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Elite Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits under Irrigated Condition

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Ramji Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Bishnu Raj Ojha ◽  
Dhruba Bahadur Thapa ◽  
Raju Kharel ◽  
Ankit Ojha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

Thirty International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) elite lines and Nepalese commercial wheat varieties were grown at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan in Alpha-lattice design to identify high yielding genotypes, yield attributing parameters and correlations between them. Observations were taken for different morpho-physiological and yield attributing traits i.e., days to booting, heading, anthesis, maturity, flag leaf senescence, flag leaf duration, grain filling duration, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, thousand kernel weight, hectoliter weight, grain yield and biomass yield. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits studied indicating considerable amount of variation among genotypes for each character. The mean grain yield was 2148 kg/ha and it ranged from 1000 to 3425 kg/ha. BLOUK#1/4/WHEAR/KUKUNA/3/C80.1/3*BATAVIA//2*WBLL1/5/MUNAL #1 (35th ESWYT138) was the highest grain yielding genotype among all followed by CHIBIA//PRLII/CM65531/3/FISCAL/4/DANPHE#1/5/CHIBIA//PRLII/CM65531/3/SKAUZ/BAV92 (ESWYT 141), Gautam, Vijay and CHYAK1*2/3/HUW234+LR34/PRINIA//PFAU/WEAVER (ESWYT129). Grain yield had significant strong positive correlation with grain filling duration (0.685**), plant height (0.606**), thousand kernel weight (0.675**), biomass yield (0.892**) and hectoliter weight (0.586**). Four clusters were formed by cluster analysis and genotypes were grouped in a particular cluster on the basis of similarity of morpho-physiological traits. So, these genotypes may be exploited for their direct release or as parents in hybridization programmes to develop high yielding wheat varieties.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 194-202

scholarly journals Characterisation of Agronomic Performance of Baltic Spring Barley Material/ Baltijas Vasaras Mieþu Agronomisko Îpaðîbu Raksturojums

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam ◽  
Linda Legzdiòa ◽  
Therese Cristensen ◽  
Jens Weibull ◽  
Roland von Bothmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Different Origin

Abstract Spring barley breeding has been carried out for almost a century in all three Baltic countries. The efforts of breeders have resulted in many new improved varieties released. The goal of our project was to survey the effect of these efforts throughout the century on this crop. The material included in this study consisted of 64 accessions originating from Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, representing landraces, varieties released from 1927 to 2001, and breeding lines. Six agronomic traits (days to heading, days to maturing, plant height, harvest index, volumetric weight and thousand kernel weight) were recorded during two years (2002 and 2003) at three locations - Priekuïi (Latvia), Landskrona (Sweden) and Bjørke (Norway). The differences between spring barley materials of different origin and from different breeding periods were assessed, and variation of their performance in different environments was discussed

scholarly journals CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF ELITE SPRING WHEAT LINES DEVELOPED FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Dinesh Khanal ◽  
Dhruba Bahadur Thapa ◽  
Krishna Hari Dhakal ◽  
Madhav Prasad Pandey ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Kandel
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Days To Flowering

A set of fifty bread wheat genotypes that comprised of 49 high temperature tolerant lines from CIMMYT and a local check Gautam were evaluated with an objective to study the character association between yield and yield related components at the research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur during the wheat season 2016/2017 under late sown condition. The experiment was laid out following Alpha Lattice design with two replications. Grain yield has positive and significant correlations with biomass yield, harvest index, thousand kernel weight, plant height, SPAD1 flag leaf area, SPAD1 and number of grain per spike. Negative and significant correlations were observed between grain yield with days to flowering, days to heading and days to booting. Path analysis revealed that biomass weight has maximum positive direct effect on grain yield followed by harvest index, days to booting, days to flowering, SPAD3, root angle of basket condition, number of root, number of grains per spike, and number of tiller per meter square. On the other hand, days to booting, flag leaf area, physiological maturity, SPAD1, SPAD2, root length, days to flag leaf senescence, plant height, ctd2, and thousand kernel weight showed the negative direct effect on grain yield.

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