Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Neznamov ◽  
E. S. Teleshova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Traumatic Origin ◽  
Organic Brain

Cognitive disorders, epilepsy, ADHD, and offending

2012 ◽  
pp. 1928-1932
Author(s):  
Norbert Nedopil
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Organic Disorder

‘Cognitive disorders’ is a broad and heterogeneous diagnostic category, which includes different disorders, each with a distinct aetiology. They affect individuals in different ways depending on the age in which they occur. The term may be applied to a child, who has experienced perinatal trauma as well as to an older person with a beginning dementia of the Alzheimer type. The scientific literature on offenders with cognitive disorders is sparse. Most authors in forensic psychiatry do not systematically differentiate between the diagnostic subcategories and tend to use broad terms, such as organic disorder, organic psychosis, organic brain syndrome, neuropsychological deficit, dementia, mental handicap, mental retardation to include a number of different disorders in their studies. The number of patients with any kind of brain disorder in forensic hospitals and institutions is comparatively small and ranges from 1 to 10 per cent of all forensic inpatients. The same numbers apply for individuals assessed for criminal responsibility or risk of reoffending. Compared to major mental disorders like schizophrenia or affective disorders or to personality disorders, patients with cognitive disorders account for only a small proportion of individuals seen by forensic psychiatrists. Subdividing this group any further would be statistically irrelevant. The way forensic psychiatry and the law deals with offenders suffering from organic brain disorders is rather derived from case reports and convention than from empirical knowledge.

scholarly journals Occlusion of Cortical Ascending Venules Causes Blood Flow Decreases, Reversals in Flow Direction, and Vessel Dilation in Upstream Capillaries

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2243-2254 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nguyen ◽  
Nozomi Nishimura ◽  
Robert N Fetcho ◽  
Costantino Iadecola ◽  
Chris B Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Femtosecond Laser Pulses ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
The Impact

The accumulation of small strokes has been linked to cognitive dysfunction. Although most animal models have focused on the impact of arteriole occlusions, clinical evidence indicates that venule occlusions may also be important. We used two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy to quantify changes in blood flow and vessel diameter in capillaries after occlusion of single ascending or surface cortical venules as a function of the connectivity between the measured capillary and the occluded venule. Clotting was induced by injuring the target vessel wall with femtosecond laser pulses. After an ascending venule (AV) occlusion, upstream capillaries showed decreases in blood flow speed, high rates of reversal in flow direction, and increases in vessel diameter. Surface venule occlusions produced similar effects, unless a collateral venule provided a new drain. Finally, we showed that AVs and penetrating arterioles have different nearest-neighbor spacing but capillaries branching from them have similar topology, which together predicted the severity and spatial extent of blood flow reduction after occlusion of either one. These results provide detailed insights into the widespread hemodynamic changes produced by cortical venule occlusions and may help elucidate the role of venule occlusions in the development of cognitive disorders and other brain diseases.

scholarly journals Epileptic manifestations, cognitive impairment and autism spectrum disorders in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum: the results of neuropsychological testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Milovanova ◽  
O. A. Коmissarovа ◽  
T. Yu. Tarakanova ◽  
S. V. Bugry ◽  
G. G. Avakyan
Keyword(s):  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Partial Seizures ◽  
Complex Partial Seizures ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Aicardi Syndrome

Aim. To assess the epileptic, cognitive and autistic manifestations of agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) in children.Material and methods. Clinical characteristics of 31 patients (median age 6.6±0.9 years) with ACC were studied. Group I included patients with combined ACC and epilepsy manifestations (n=12); among them, patients with atypical children’s autism (n=3), genetically confirmed Aicardi syndrome (n=3), microdeletion of the 3X long shoulder (n=1), and Miller-Dieker syndrome (n=1). Group II included patients with combined ACC without epilepsy (n=12); among them: children with autism caused by an organic brain disorder (n=2), genetically confirmed Mowat-Wilson syndrome (n=1), and microcephaly (n=1). In Group III, there were patients with isolated ACC without epilepsy (n=7). All patients underwent a neurologic examination, an assessment of the mental status, and a neuropsychological testing that included diagnostic neuropsychological tests according to Skvortsov et al. (2000), a neuropsychological survey and calculation of the lateral preference according to Semenovich et al. (2002), a test for the dominant hemisphere according to Yassman et al. (1999), as well as brain EEG and MRI.Results. In 75% of patients in Group I, symptomatic focal epilepsy was diagnosed (frontal-temporal – 4, frontal – 3, temporal – 2). Among other findings: 58% – complex partial seizures, 41.6% – complex partial seizures with secondary generalization, 16.7% – generalized seizures and their combination. In 16.7% of patients, there were atypical febrile seizures at the epilepsy debut with further transformation into symptomatic focal epilepsy of temporal localization. In 25% of patients in Group I, the neurogenetic Aicardi syndrome manifested in infantile (tonic) seizures up 10-20 attacks a day (symptomatic West syndrome). In 3 patients of Group I, atypical infantile autism was associated with symptomatic focal epilepsy (frontal-temporal – 2 and frontal – 1); 2 patients of Group II had infantile autism caused by an organic brain disease. In patients from Group I, the minimum value of the highest mental functions (HMF) score ranged from 25 to 51 (on average, Me =26.5) indicating severe cognitive disorders. In patients of Group III, the total HMF score varied from 77.5 to 87 (on average, Me =81) indicating mild cognitive disorders. Upon an inter-group comparison, patients with ACC associated with cerebral defects showed moderate to severe HMF disturbances (p < 0.002). The focal/multifocal epileptiform activity was recorded in 8 (67%) patients of Group I. In brain MRI scans of all patients of Group I, ACC was combined with various congenital development defects; in 3 (25%) patients of Group II, the structural lesions were dominated by congenital (hemispheric, arachnoid) cysts.Conclusion. Patients in Groups I and II have combined cerebral pathology with a predominance of combined congenital malformations, mainly associated with abnormal neuronal migration that negatively impacts the prognosis. In 75% of patients with combined ACC associated with temporal or frontal epilepsy, a highly severe cognitive deficiency was found; in 72% of cases of isolated ACC, mild cognitive disorders with a rather favorable prognosis were noted.

scholarly journals Fatigue as a symptom of neurological diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
T. V. Baidina ◽  
T. I. Kolesova ◽  
Yu. V. Malinina ◽  
T. N. Trushnikova ◽  
M. A. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Severity Scale ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Impact Scale ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fatigue Severity ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Fatigue Impact Scale

Objective. The aim of the work was to study the fatigue syndrome in various organic brain diseases. Materials and methods. Patients in the recovery period of hemispheric stroke, with Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis were examined. Along with the clinical one, there was conducted a study using the asthenia questionnaire MFI-20, FIS (Fatigue Impact Scale), FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale). Results. It has been established that patients with various diseases of the central nervous system have a syndrome of fatigue, which is a nosogenic one, that is, a consequence of organic brain damage.

The features of psychopathology and cognitive impairments in various variants of the psychoorganic syndrome

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
V. V. Rostovschikov ◽  
E. G. Ivanchuk ◽  
S. I. Rostovschikova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Organic Syndrome ◽  
Cortical Functions

Mental disorders and cognitive impairments are more or less inherent in most organic brain diseases. The psychoorganic syndrome is the consequence and one of the fundamental manifestations of such diseases. The article discusses the results of the analysis of the features of psychopathology and neurocognitive symptom complex in patients with psychoorganic syndrome of different aetiologies, with an assessment of impairments of higher cortical functions depending on the variant of the psycho-organic syndrome.

scholarly journals 551 - Case Report: De Archambault’s syndrome in the early stage of dementia with Lewy bodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 92-93
Author(s):  
Takashi Suehiro ◽  
Yuto Satake ◽  
Mamoru Hashimoto ◽  
Hisahiro Yu ◽  
Manabu Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Degenerative Dementia ◽  
Organic Brain

Background:Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common form of degenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. In some patients with DLB, relatively rare delusions are known to emerge, such as Othello syndrome, delusional parasitosis and delusion of duplication. Erotomania, also known as de Clerambault’s syndrome, is characterized by the delusion that a person has fallen in love with the patient. It occasionally appears secondary to psychiatric disorders and organic brain diseases. However, there have been no reports on cases secondary to patients with DLB.Case presentation:The patient was an 83-year-old woman who lived alone. Mild cognitive impairment appeared at the age of 82 years. Soon after, she had the delusional conviction that her family doctor was in love with her. Her symptoms, such as gradually progressive cognitive impairment, cognitive fluctuations, and parkinsonism, indicated DLB. Although small doses of quetiapine, brexpiprazole and risperidone were prescribed for the treatment of the delusion, each of them was discontinued soon because of the adverse reactions. Finally, the delusion was successfully treated with a small dose of blonanserin without sever side effects.Discussions and Conclusions:This case report suggests the possibility of de Clerambault’s syndrome during the early stages of DLB. Recently, psychiatric-onset DLB has increasingly gained attention in recent years. Further accumulation of knowledge about delusions in patients with DLB for an early diagnosis.

Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease in Kraepelin’s clinic, 1909–1912

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Keuck
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Histopathological Investigation

Existing accounts of the early history of Alzheimer’s disease have focused on Alois Alzheimer’s (1864–1915) publications of two ‘peculiar cases’ of middle-aged patients who showed symptoms associated with senile dementia, and Emil Kraepelin’s (1856–1926) discussion of these and a few other cases under the newly introduced name of ‘Alzheimer’s disease’ in his Textbook of Psychiatry. This article questions the underpinnings of these accounts that rely mainly on publications and describe ‘presenility’ as a defining characteristic of the disease. Drawing on archival research in the Munich psychiatric clinic, in which Alzheimer and Kraepelin practised, this article looks at the use of the category as a diagnostic label in practice. It argues that the first cases only got their exemplary status as key referents of Alzheimer’s disease in later readings of the original publications. In the 1900s, the published cases rather functioned as material to think about the limits of the category of senile dementia. The examination of paper technologies in the Munich psychiatric clinic reveals that the use of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease was not limited to patients of a certain age and did not exclude ‘senile’ cases. Moreover, the archival records reflect that many diagnoses of Alzheimer’s disease were noted in the medical records as suspicions rather than conclusions. Against this background, the article argues that in theory and practice, Alzheimer’s disease was not treated as a well-defined disease entity in the Munich clinic, but as an exploratory category for the clinical and histopathological investigation of varieties of organic brain diseases.

‘A great and difficult thing, and full of hazard’

2021 ◽  
pp. 663-730
Author(s):  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Animal Spirits ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Foundational Work ◽  
The Mind

Chapter 17, ‘A great and difficult thing, and full of hazard: the discourse of the soul’, provides an analysis of Pathologiæ cerebri (1667), Affectionum quæ dicuntur hystericæ et hypochondriacæ (1670) and De anima brutorum (1672). The chapter starts with Willis’s description of perverted activity of the particles in blood and the animal spirits which converts ordered movement into convulsion. The concept includes epilepsy and disorders of movement with preserved awareness, and extends to cough. An account is given of Willis’s concept of hysteria and hypochondriasis as organic brain disorders. His further work on comparative anatomy and animal behaviour as the basis for distinguishing the corporeal soul of brutes from the rational soul of man is described. The chapter provides an analysis of Willis’s writing on the human senses and passions followed by additional accounts of brain diseases and those affecting the mind, together representing a foundational work in psychiatry and behavioural neurology. {150 words}

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