scholarly journals Multi-risk assessment in a historical city

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Arrighi ◽  
M. Tanganelli ◽  
M. T. Cristofaro ◽  
V. Cardinali ◽  
A. Marra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Average Annual Loss ◽  
The City

AbstractNatural hazards pose a significant threat to historical cities which have an authentic and universal value for mankind. This study aims at codifying a multi-risk workflow for seismic and flood hazards, for site-scale applications in historical cities, which provides the Average Annual Loss for buildings within a coherent multi-exposure and multi-vulnerability framework. The proposed methodology includes a multi-risk correlation and joint probability analysis to identify the role of urban development in re-shaping risk components in historical contexts. The workflow is unified by exposure modelling which adopts the same assumptions and parameters. Seismic vulnerability is modelled through an empirical approach by assigning to each building a vulnerability value depending on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and modifiers available in literature. Flood vulnerability is modelled by means of stage-damage curves developed for the study area and validated against ex-post damage claims. The method is applied to the city centre of Florence (Italy) listed as UNESCO World Heritage site since 1982. Direct multi-hazard, multi-vulnerability losses are modelled for four probabilistic scenarios. A multi-risk of 3.15 M€/year is estimated for the current situation. In case of adoption of local mitigation measures like floodproofing of basements and installation of steel tie rods, multi-risk reduces to 1.55 M€/yr. The analysis of multi-risk correlation and joint probability distribution shows that the historical evolution of the city centre, from the roman castrum followed by rebuilding in the Middle Ages, the late XIX century and the post WWII, has significantly affected multi-risk in the area. Three identified portions of the study area with a different multi-risk spatial probability distribution highlight that the urban development of the historical city influenced the flood hazard and the seismic vulnerability. The presented multi-risk workflow could be applied to other historical cities and further extended to other natural hazards.

scholarly journals FORTIFICATION OBIECTS AND STREET NETWORK DEVELOPMENT IN THE HISTORICAL PART OF CHERNIVTSI CITY IN THE 18th-20th CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (13) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Mykola Bevz ◽  
Oleksandr Kyshlyaruk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Network Development ◽  
City Development ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Street Network ◽  
City Center ◽  
Urban Transformations ◽  
The City

Formation and development of the central part of Chernivtsi is a long historical process. The settlement, which emerged in the XIV century, underwent major urban transformations that took place during the XVIII-XX centuries. They became an important period of creation of the renewed structure plan of the city area which is still in operation. The historical city centre has been changing its structure, size, functional organization during a long time. The objective of the research is to study and compare the main parameters and characteristics of the city at certain historical stages by analysing the development of its transport network. The purpose of the article is to review and analyse available cartographic materials and study the street network development in the historical part of the city in the late XVIII - XX centuries. The article highlights the factors that played an important role in the formation and development of Chernivtsi city centre, in particular, strengthening and expansion of economic ties. According to the findings, discovery of new trade routes became a decisive factor that influenced the development of Chernivtsi, determined the city structure and directions of the main streets. Other important factors include natural conditions and local terrain, social economic and administrative impact. Studies have shown that the historical centre of Chernivtsi evolved according to the existing structure plan. Analysis of cartographic materials and historical sources allows to characterize the basic principles of urban development. Expansion of the street network and squares, as well as trends in the planning of residential areas provide an opportunity to assess their nature, scale and size. Topographical maps enabled us to devise comparative schemes of urban development and evolution of city boundaries throughout the studied period. The city center moved gradually to new areas in the south-western direction. This feature of the city development provides important materials for urban study. This work can be primarily aimed at studying the urban planning structure, defense lines, public spaces, etc. The city developed in an extensive way, pushing the boundaries of the city center, creating new parallel urban complexes with new central squares. The most difficult task for scientists today is to localize these boundaries for different stages. The next difficult task is to find out old defense systems existed in the different parts of the city in the past. A completely unresolved question is how defense complexes influenced the development of the planning structure. The study allowed to highlight the prerequisites for major urban transformations in the historical part of Chernivtsi in the XVIII - XX centuries.

Effectiveness of seismic strengthening to repeated earthquakes in historic urban contexts

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Valentina Putrino ◽  
Dina D’Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
City Centre ◽  
General Context ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The City

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of the evolution of damage to the residential buildings within the city walls of Norcia during the six-month seismic swarm that hit Central Italy in the period 24th August 2016 to end of January 2019. This is accomplished by comparing the damage recorded by the Italian Civil Protection usability form (AEDES form) during this period after each event. Design/methodology/approach First, these outputs are compared with a qualitative assessment conducted by means of omnidirectional camera (ODC) imagery collected on site by the authors, to explore the ability of this technology to support post-earthquake damage assessment. The damage level attributed with these two techniques is then further compared with the output of the analytical vulnerability assessment method FaMIVE, which allows to correlate damage to vulnerability. Specifically, the objective is to investigate the efficacy and performance of historic and recent strengthening interventions. Findings Results show that there is a good correspondence between AeDES and ODC assessments for low to medium damage grades (DG). Discrepancies in higher DGs are discussed in light of the different levels of information that can be recorded by using the two tools. The efficacy of strengthening is also well captured by the FaMIVE method. The procedure estimates a decrease of almost 40, 25 and 20 per cent of the total number of buildings failing out-of-plane, respectively, for the three seismic events considered, when restraining elements are in action. Research limitations/implications The analysis conducted in this work make use of deterministic values of Norcia’s masonry fabric characteristics that have been found in literature, thus implying that neither the probabilistic aspects nor the related uncertainties have been properly investigated and addressed. However, this limitation is to be considered within the more general context of the legislation for the preservation of historic buildings which limits substantially any type of semi-destructive tests, hence limiting the reliability of the values available in literature. This in turn affects the decisions informing the design and implementation of strengthening interventions which can be confidently considered reliable and effective. Originality/value The paper addresses for the first time a systematic investigation of damage progression in historic masonry structures, part of urban aggregates in heritage cities. The current urban fabric is discussed in view of historic building codes as the basis for determining the present seismic vulnerability of the historic city centre of Norcia. The study provides new data sets for the city of Norcia and develops a statistical correlation between cumulative damage and analytical vulnerability functions for heritage buildings exposed to a swarm of earthquakes. The analytical assessment of the effect of historic strengthening is totally novel.

Diagnosis for Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Historical Buildings in Lima, Peru

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Cuadra ◽  
◽  
Taiki Saito ◽  
Carlos Zavala ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Structural Condition ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Basic Study ◽  
Historic Center ◽  
Vulnerability Evaluation ◽  
The City

The city of Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded on January 18, 1535, and played a leading role in the history of the Americas from 1542, when king Carlos V established the vice royalty of Peru, until the middle of the 18th century. In 1988, UNESCO declared the historic center of Lima a World Heritage Site for its originality and high concentration of historic monuments constructed at the time of the Spanish presence and at the beginning of the Republican era. The architecture of buildings corresponds in general to typical Hispano-American baroque of the 17th and 18th centuries. Since its founding, the city has suffered many earthquakes that have severely and adversely affected historic buildings. Reconstruction work has been done keeping the originality of buildings. This study starts first with a general diagnosis of problems concerning the city and its buildings. A survey for preliminary evaluation of the structural condition of buildings is then planned. This evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of historic buildings at the historic center of Lima represents the basic study that is necessary to initiate detailed investigation for the preservation and conservation of these historic buildings. The study intends to establish a general guideline for vulnerability evaluation of historic buildings that could be applied to the evaluation of other historic cities of Peru.

scholarly journals Generating Different Urban Land Configurations Based on Heterogeneous Decisions of Private Land Developers: An Agent-Based Approach in a Developing Country Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyudi ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Jonathan Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The City

In the provision of urban residential areas, private land developers play critical roles in nearly all stages of the land development process. Despite their important role little is known about how the spatial decisions of individual developers collectively influence urban growth. This paper employs an agent-based modelling approach to capture the spatial decisions of private land developers in shaping new urban forms. By drawing on microeconomic theory, the model simulates urban growth in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia, under different scenarios that reflect the decision behaviours of different types of developers. Results reveal that larger developers favour sites that are more proximate to the city centre whilst smaller developers prefer sites that are located further away from the city, that drive a more sprawled urban form. Our findings show that new urban areas are generated by different developers through different processes. The profit maximisation behaviour by developers with large capital reserves is more predictable than those with small capital funds. The imbalance in capital holdings by different types of developers interacts with one another to exert adverse impacts on the urban development process. Our study provides supporting evidence highlighting the need for urban policy to regulate urban expansion and achieve more sustainable urban development outcomes in a developing world context.

Dubai City. Exploring model pitfalls and perspectives. Shaping space and society for high-speed urban development

TERRITORIO ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Rositsa Ilieva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Development Tool ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The City

In the last decade, Dubai has certainly proved to be one of the most dynamic ‘emerging cities' of all time. Behind record figures, however, the process was fuelled by a very precise territorial development logic. Territory, space and society were conceived from a quite unique perspective, so as to catalyse and sustain the rapid establishment of the city worldwide. ‘Section', ‘thematise' and consequently also ‘segregate', seem to have been the key methods adopted. The purpose of this article is to examine the mechanisms and consequences of this sort of territorial planning, thus aiming at a better understanding of the pitfalls and challenges that this process entails. In particular, the theory put forward for the context examined suggests that the mechanisms generating urban segregation have been completely reversed from a mere ‘ex post' result to a powerful ‘ex-ante' development tool.

scholarly journals MAPPING AN URBAN CITY CENTRE FOR SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT: APPLICATION TO VALENCIA (SPAIN)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 817-824
Author(s):  
L. Basset-Salom ◽  
A. Guardiola-Víllora
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The City

Abstract. Seismic risk in urban city centres may be high, even when the city is in low to moderate seismic areas, due to the vulnerability of the residential buildings. To assess the seismic vulnerability and estimate the expected damage in case of occurrence of an earthquake, an up-to-date detailed and comprehensive information of the residential building stock, such as number of dwellings, location, age, geometry, stiffness irregularities, structure, constructive system and practices, among others, is needed. This paper presents the authors experience, describing the step by step procedure followed to obtain the required information to classify and catalogue the residential buildings of the historical neighbourhoods of the city of Valencia into a database. Official sources, like the Cadastral Database, the website of the Urban Planning Service of the city of Valencia, the Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, and the Historical Archive of the Valencian Architects Society, but also unexpected references are shared, pointing out the information that has been retrieved and its reliability. Additionally, relevant information must be obtained with an on-site data collection. This field work is essential not only to prove the accuracy of the abovementioned data but also to define some of the parameters related to the building vulnerability.The built database, included in a GIS system, has been used by the authors for seismic risk studies. This procedure can be implemented in future assessments at an urban scale.

scholarly journals Definition of Seismic Vulnerability Maps for Civil Protection Systems: The Case of Lampedusa Island

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis G. Asteris ◽  
Liborio Cavaleri ◽  
Fabio Di Trapani ◽  
Giuseppe Macaluso ◽  
Gaia Scaduto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Vulnerability Maps ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

The opportunity to locate and quantify the major criticalities associated to natural catastrophic events on a territory allows to plan adequate strategies and interventions by civil protection bodies involved in local and international emergencies. Seismic risk depends, most of all, on the vulnerability of buildings belonging to the urban areas. For this reason, the definition, by a deep analysis of the territory, of instruments identifying and locating vulnerability, largely favours the activities of institutions appointed to safeguard the safety of citizens. This paper proposes a procedure for the definition of vulnerability maps in terms of vulnerability indexes and critical peak ground accelerations for mid-small urban centres belonging to Mediterranean areas. The procedure, tested on the city centre of the Island of Lampedusa, is based on a preliminary historical investigation of the urban area and of the main formal and technological features of buildings involved. Moreover, the vulnerability of the constructions is evaluated by fast assessment methods (filling of evaluation forms). The vulnerability model, allowing the definition of the fragility curves, is calibrated on the basis of the results of an identification process of prototype buildings, selected to be adequately representative. Their characterizations have been provided using the results of an experimental dynamic investigation to develop high representative numerical model. Critical PGA values have been determined by pushover analyses.The results presented provided an unambiguous representation of the major criticalities with respect to seismic vulnerability and risk, of the city centre of the island, being a suitable tool for planning and handling of emergencies.

Structural Strengthening of the Portico of the Santa Maria Dei Servi Church in Bologna

2016 ◽  
Vol 847 ◽  
pp. 354-360
Author(s):  
Simonetta Baraccani ◽  
Michele Palermo ◽  
Giada Gasparini ◽  
Stefano Silvestri ◽  
Tomaso Trombetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Heritage Site ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Architectural Element ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Original Configuration

The porticoes, together with medieval masonry towers, are the architectural element which mainly characterizes the city of Bologna, northern Italy. These porticoes, which extend all inside the city centre for a total length of almost 40 kilometres, have a high artistic and cultural relevance at the point that they are candidates as “Unesco World Heritage Site”. One of portico of highest heritage value is that next to the church of Santa Maria dei Servi, which is suffering important structural pathologies requiring urgent strengthening interventions. The ones strictly necessary to preserve the stability have been already implemented. It is known that for historical constructions appropriate strategies of interventions are to be adopted with special attention in the aspects related to the compatibility, durability, integrity of the original configuration. The aim of this paper is to identify the main criticalities and priorities of interventions. Based on the identified criticalities and priorities possible strategies of interventions are finally identified. A possible cause of the actual bad state of conservation could be related to the continues vibrations induced by the traffic. For this reason, measurements noises have been recently conducted by the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in order to quantify their influence of the stress levels of the columns of the portico.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document