scholarly journals MAPPING AN URBAN CITY CENTRE FOR SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT: APPLICATION TO VALENCIA (SPAIN)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 817-824
Author(s):  
L. Basset-Salom ◽  
A. Guardiola-Víllora
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The City

Abstract. Seismic risk in urban city centres may be high, even when the city is in low to moderate seismic areas, due to the vulnerability of the residential buildings. To assess the seismic vulnerability and estimate the expected damage in case of occurrence of an earthquake, an up-to-date detailed and comprehensive information of the residential building stock, such as number of dwellings, location, age, geometry, stiffness irregularities, structure, constructive system and practices, among others, is needed. This paper presents the authors experience, describing the step by step procedure followed to obtain the required information to classify and catalogue the residential buildings of the historical neighbourhoods of the city of Valencia into a database. Official sources, like the Cadastral Database, the website of the Urban Planning Service of the city of Valencia, the Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, and the Historical Archive of the Valencian Architects Society, but also unexpected references are shared, pointing out the information that has been retrieved and its reliability. Additionally, relevant information must be obtained with an on-site data collection. This field work is essential not only to prove the accuracy of the abovementioned data but also to define some of the parameters related to the building vulnerability.The built database, included in a GIS system, has been used by the authors for seismic risk studies. This procedure can be implemented in future assessments at an urban scale.

scholarly journals Potential Seismic Damage Assessment of Residential Buildings in Imzouren City (Northern Morocco)

Buildings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seif-eddine Cherif ◽  
Mimoun Chourak ◽  
Mohamed Abed ◽  
Abdelhalim Douiri
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Vulnerability Index Method ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
The City

The main purpose of this study is to assess seismic risk and present earthquake loss scenarios for the city of Imzouren, in northern Morocco. An empirical approach was chosen to assess the seismic vulnerability of the existing buildings, using the Vulnerability Index Method (RISK-UE), and considering two earthquake scenarios (deterministic and probabilistic). Special concern was given to the seismic vulnerability in Imzouren since the 2004 earthquake (24 February, mw = 6.4) that struck the region and caused substantial damage. A site investigation was conducted in the city targeting more than 3000 residential buildings, which had been closely examined and catalogued to assess their seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic risk assessment in the city are represented through damage to the buildings, harm to the population and economic loss. Generally, the results obtained from the deterministic approach are in agreement with the damage caused by the 2004 earthquake.

Effectiveness of seismic strengthening to repeated earthquakes in historic urban contexts

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Valentina Putrino ◽  
Dina D’Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
City Centre ◽  
General Context ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The City

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of the evolution of damage to the residential buildings within the city walls of Norcia during the six-month seismic swarm that hit Central Italy in the period 24th August 2016 to end of January 2019. This is accomplished by comparing the damage recorded by the Italian Civil Protection usability form (AEDES form) during this period after each event. Design/methodology/approach First, these outputs are compared with a qualitative assessment conducted by means of omnidirectional camera (ODC) imagery collected on site by the authors, to explore the ability of this technology to support post-earthquake damage assessment. The damage level attributed with these two techniques is then further compared with the output of the analytical vulnerability assessment method FaMIVE, which allows to correlate damage to vulnerability. Specifically, the objective is to investigate the efficacy and performance of historic and recent strengthening interventions. Findings Results show that there is a good correspondence between AeDES and ODC assessments for low to medium damage grades (DG). Discrepancies in higher DGs are discussed in light of the different levels of information that can be recorded by using the two tools. The efficacy of strengthening is also well captured by the FaMIVE method. The procedure estimates a decrease of almost 40, 25 and 20 per cent of the total number of buildings failing out-of-plane, respectively, for the three seismic events considered, when restraining elements are in action. Research limitations/implications The analysis conducted in this work make use of deterministic values of Norcia’s masonry fabric characteristics that have been found in literature, thus implying that neither the probabilistic aspects nor the related uncertainties have been properly investigated and addressed. However, this limitation is to be considered within the more general context of the legislation for the preservation of historic buildings which limits substantially any type of semi-destructive tests, hence limiting the reliability of the values available in literature. This in turn affects the decisions informing the design and implementation of strengthening interventions which can be confidently considered reliable and effective. Originality/value The paper addresses for the first time a systematic investigation of damage progression in historic masonry structures, part of urban aggregates in heritage cities. The current urban fabric is discussed in view of historic building codes as the basis for determining the present seismic vulnerability of the historic city centre of Norcia. The study provides new data sets for the city of Norcia and develops a statistical correlation between cumulative damage and analytical vulnerability functions for heritage buildings exposed to a swarm of earthquakes. The analytical assessment of the effect of historic strengthening is totally novel.

scholarly journals Automated classification metrics for energy modelling of residential buildings in the UK with open algorithms

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Beck ◽  
Gavin Long ◽  
Doreen S Boyd ◽  
Julian F Rosser ◽  
Jeremy Morley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Automated Classification ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Energy Modelling ◽  
The City

Estimating residential building energy use across large spatial extents is vital for identifying and testing effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions and improve urban sustainability. This task is underpinned by the availability of accurate models of building stock from which appropriate parameters may be extracted. For example, the form of a building, such as whether it is detached, semi-detached, terraced etc. and its shape may be used as part of a typology for defining its likely energy use. When these details are combined with information on building construction materials or glazing ratio, it can be used to infer the heat transfer characteristics of different properties. However, these data are not readily available for energy modelling or urban simulation. Although this is not a problem when the geographic scope corresponds to a small area and can be hand-collected, such manual approaches cannot be easily applied at the city or national scale. In this article, we demonstrate an approach that can automatically extract this information at the city scale using off-the-shelf products supplied by a National Mapping Agency. We present two novel techniques to create this knowledge directly from input geometry. The first technique is used to identify built form based upon the physical relationships between buildings. The second technique is used to determine a more refined internal/external wall measurement and ratio. The second technique has greater metric accuracy and can also be used to address problems identified in extracting the built form. A case study is presented for the City of Nottingham in the United Kingdom using two data products provided by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain: MasterMap and AddressBase. This is followed by a discussion of a new categorisation approach for housing form for urban energy assessment.

Seismic risk assessment for the residential buildings of the major three cities in Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 298-320
Author(s):  
Ana Beatriz Acevedo ◽  
Catalina Yepes-Estrada ◽  
Daniela González ◽  
Vitor Silva ◽  
Miguel Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
Residential Building Stock ◽  
Aggregate Loss

This study presents a seismic risk assessment and a set of earthquake scenarios for the residential building stock of the three largest metropolitan centers of Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali (with 8.0, 2.5, and 2.4 million inhabitants, respectively). A uniform methodology was followed for the development of the seismic hazard, vulnerability, and exposure models, thus allowing a direct comparison between the seismic risk of the different cities. Risk metrics such as exceedance probability curves and average annual losses were computed for each city. The earthquake scenarios were selected considering events whose direct economic impact is similar to the aggregated loss for a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years. Results show a higher mean aggregate loss ratio for Cali and similar mean aggregate loss ratios for Bogotá and Medellín. All of the models used in this study are openly accessible, enabling risk modelers, engineers, and stakeholders to explore them for disaster risk management.

scholarly journals Residential building stock modelling for mainland China targeted for seismic risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3031-3056
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Hing-Ho Tsang ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Residential Building Stock

Abstract. To enhance the estimation accuracy of economic loss and casualty in seismic risk assessment, a high-resolution building exposure model is necessary. Previous studies in developing global and regional building exposure models usually use coarse administrative-level (e.g. country or sub-country level) census data as model inputs, which cannot fully reflect the spatial heterogeneity of buildings in large countries like China. To develop a high-resolution residential building stock model for mainland China, this paper uses finer urbanity-level population and building-related statistics extracted from the records in the tabulation of the 2010 population census of the People's Republic of China (hereafter abbreviated as the “2010 census”). In the 2010 census records, for each province, the building-related statistics are categorized into three urbanity levels (urban, township, and rural). To disaggregate these statistics into high-resolution grid level, we need to determine the urbanity attributes of grids within each province. For this purpose, the geo-coded population density profile (with 1 km × 1 km resolution) developed in the 2015 Global Human Settlement Layer (GSHL) project is selected. Then for each province, the grids are assigned with urban, township, or rural attributes according to the population density in the 2015 GHSL profile. Next, the urbanity-level building-related statistics can be disaggregated into grids, and the 2015 GHSL population in each grid is used as the disaggregation weight. Based on the four structure types (steel and reinforced concrete, mixed, brick and wood, other) and five storey classes (1, 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, ≥10) of residential buildings classified in the 2010 census records, we reclassify the residential buildings into 17 building subtypes attached with both structure type and storey class and estimate their unit construction prices. Finally, we develop a geo-coded 1 km × 1 km resolution residential building exposure model for 31 provinces of mainland China. In each 1 km × 1 km grid, the floor areas of the 17 residential building subtypes and their replacement values are estimated. The model performance is evaluated to be satisfactory, and its practicability in seismic risk assessment is also confirmed. Limitations of the proposed model and directions for future improvement are discussed. The whole modelling process presented in this paper is fully reproducible, and all the modelled results are publicly accessible.

Modelling exposure and vulnerability from post-earthquake surveys with risk-oriented taxonomies: AeDES form, GEM taxonomy and EMS-98 typologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Nicodemo ◽  
Massimiliano Pittore ◽  
Angelo Masi ◽  
Vincenzo Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Observed Damage

<p>Post-earthquake damage and usability surveys are fundamental in managing the emergency phase in the aftermath of a strong seismic event, for instance deciding whether the people could safely come back to their houses or be hosted in temporary shelters. In Italy, in addition to the damage and usability evaluation, this survey enables the collection of geometrical and structural attributes highly related to seismic vulnerability. These data are collected for individual buildings in the order of many tens of thousands for recent events and represent a unique source of exposure and vulnerability information and a very useful tool for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and prevention activities. With the development of the “Observed Damage Database” (Da.D.O.; Dolce et al., 2017) web-based platform, most of the data collected during the post-earthquake inspections carried out over the last 50 years has been harmonized and made freely available to the scientific community. These data constitute an important heritage for scientific purposes but, until now, their potential for seismic risk assessment has not been fully exploited, partly because the format specifications are very particular to the environmental conditions to be found in Italy, and the collected attributes are not directly related to existing risk-oriented classifications. In order to reliably extract the exposure, vulnerability and damage information collected for Italian earthquakes and harmonize it according to recognized international standards, an innovative methodology has been developed to convert the information collected through the “1° level form for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures in residential buildings” (AeDES form; Baggio et al., 2007; Masi et al., 2016) to different formats more suitable for a large-scale risk evaluation and comparison. In the proposed approach, the information on the typological characteristics is firstly described according to the taxonomy proposed by “Global Earthquake Model” (GEM) (v2.0, Brzev et al., 2013). In a following processing step, using a score-based methodology (Pittore et al., 2018), we can assign EMS-98 building classes (Grünthal, 1998) on the basis of the GEM attributes. The proposed method allows for an extensive characterization of the uncertainty underlying the conversion process, encoded by the use of a probabilistic framework. A similar approach can be used to map the damage data into the categories defined by the EMS-98 scale. This methodology has been exemplified with the data of the Mw 6.3 2009 L´Aquila earthquake as provided by the Da.D.O. platform, and the results highlight the great potential for post-event surveys to provide relevant information also for DRR and risk prevention activities.</p><p><strong>Keywords: seismic risk, post-earthquake survey, exposure, taxonomy</strong></p>

scholarly journals Residential building stock modeling for mainland China targeted for seismic risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Hing-Ho Tsang ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Residential Building Stock

Abstract. Previous seismic damage reports have shown that the damage and collapse of buildings is the leading cause of fatality and property loss. To enhance the estimation accuracy of economic loss and fatality in seismic risk assessment, a high-resolution building exposure model is important. Previous studies in developing global and regional building exposure models usually use coarse administrative level (e.g., county, or sub-country level) census data as model inputs, which cannot fully reflect the spatial heterogeneity of buildings in large countries like China. To develop a high-resolution residential building stock model for mainland China, this paper uses finer urbanity level population and building-related statistics extracted from the records in Tabulation of the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter abbreviated as the “2010-census”). In the 2010-census records, for each province, the building-related statistics are categorized into three urbanity levels (urban, township, and rural). Statistics of each urbanity level are from areas with a similar development background but belong to different administrative prefectures and counties. Due to privacy protection-related issues, these urbanity level statistics are not geo-coded. Therefore, before disaggregating these statistics into high-resolution grid level, we need to determine the urbanity attributes of grids within each province. For this purpose, the geo-coded population density profile (with 1 km × 1 km resolution) developed in the 2015 Global Human Settlement Layer (GSHL) project is selected to divide the 31 provinces of mainland China into 1 km × 1 km grids. Then for each province, the grids are assigned with urban/township/rural attributes according to the population density in the 2015 GHSL profile. Next for each urbanity of each province, the urbanity level building-related statistics extracted from the 2010-census records can be disaggregated into the 2015 GHSL geo-coded grids, and the 2015 GHSL population in each grid is used as the disaggregation weight. Based on the four structure types (steel/reinforced-concrete, mixed, brick/wood, other) and five storey classes (1, 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, ≥ 10) of residential buildings classified in the 2010-census records, we reclassify the residential buildings into 17 building subtypes attached with both structure type and storey class and estimate their unit construction prices. Finally, we develop a geo-coded 1 km × 1 km resolution residential building exposure model for 31 provinces of mainland China. In each 1 km × 1 km grid, the floor areas of the 17 residential building subtypes and their replacement values are estimated. To evaluate the model performance, comparisons with the wealth capital stock values estimated in previous studies at the administrative prefecture-level and with the residential floor area statistics in the 2010-census at the administrative county/prefecture-level are conducted. The practicability of the modeled results in seismic risk assessment is also checked by estimating the seismic loss of residential buildings in Sichuan Province combined with the intensity map of the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake and an empirical loss function developed from historical seismic damage information in China. Our estimated seismic loss range is close to that derived from field investigation reports. Limitations of this paper and future improvement directions are discussed. More importantly, the whole modeling process of this paper is fully reproducible, and all the modeled results are publicly accessible. Given that the building stock in China is changing rapidly, the results can be conveniently updated when new datasets are available.

scholarly journals Vulnerability and seismic risk assessment of buildings following the 1989 Newcastle, Australia earthquake

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Chandler ◽  
J. W. Pappin ◽  
A. W. Coburn
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The City

Ten days after the Newcastle, Australia earthquake of 28 December, 1989, the UK-based Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) mounted a five day mission to the affected area. This paper presents the findings of the EEFIT investigation and subsequent follow up studies in relation to the extent of building damage and its distribution within the City of Newcastle and the surrounding urban area. Results are based on both detailed street surveys and general damage surveys, the former carried out in two areas, namely the heavily damaged suburban district of Hamilton (3km west of the city centre) and the Newcastle central business district. The findings of these surveys have provided valuable information on the vulnerability of building stock of types common to other parts of Australia, the UK and elsewhere, and hence form an important database for the accurate assessment of seismic risk to buildings in regions of low seismicity. This information will assist the development of realistic, economical seismic code provisions for building design and construction in low-risk areas. An important feature arising from the surveys and subsequent analytical studies of site response in the heavily damaged districts within the Hunter River alluvial basin is that, contrary to reports published by the Institution of Engineers, Australia amongst others, the areas of deep alluvial soil and fill do not correlate strongly with the more heavily damaged districts determined from post-earthquake assessments. Hence, suggestions that this form of site soil amplification effect played a major part in the distribution and extent of heavy damage in this earthquake are somewhat misleading for the future development of planning and design regulations. Furthermore, the results of site response analyses show that it is more likely to be the shallower soils near the border of the alluvial basin which tend to amplify bedrock ground motions generated by this type of earthquake.

scholarly journals TOPOI RESOURCES: Quantification and Assessment of Global Warming Potential and Land-Uptake of Residential Buildings in Settlement Types along the Urban–Rural Gradient—Opportunities for Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4099
Author(s):  
Ann-Kristin Mühlbach ◽  
Olaf Mumm ◽  
Ryan Zeringue ◽  
Oskars Redbergs ◽  
Elisabeth Endres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Residential Building Stock ◽  
Urban Rural

The METAPOLIS as the polycentric network of urban–rural settlement is undergoing constant transformation and urbanization processes. In particular, the associated imbalance of the shrinkage and growth of different settlement types in relative geographical proximity causes negative effects, such as urban sprawl and the divergence of urban–rural lifestyles with their related resource, land and energy consumption. Implicitly related to these developments, national and global sustainable development goals for the building sector lead to the question of how a region can be assessed without detailed research and surveys to identify critical areas with high potential for sustainable development. In this study, the TOPOI method is used. It classifies settlement units and their interconnections along the urban–rural gradient, in order to quantify and assess the land-uptake and global warming potential driven by residential developments. Applying standard planning parameters in combination with key data from a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the residential building stock, a detailed understanding of different settlement types and their associated resource and energy consumption is achieved.

scholarly journals LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING SERVICES OF LARGE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCKS USING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

2020 ◽  
Vol VI-4/W1-2020 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
H. Harter ◽  
B. Willenborg ◽  
W. Lang ◽  
T. H. Kolbe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Operational Energy ◽  
City Models

Abstract. Reducing the demand for non-renewable resources and the resulting environmental impact is an objective of sustainable development, to which buildings contribute significantly. In order to realize the goal of reaching a climate-neutral building stock, it must first be analyzed and evaluated in order to develop optimization strategies. The life cycle based consideration and assessment of buildings plays a key role in this process. Approaches and tools already exist for this purpose, but they mainly take the operational energy demand of buildings and not a life cycle based approach into account, especially when assessing technical building services (TBS). Therefore, this paper presents and applies a methodical approach for the life cycle based assessment of the TBS of large residential building stocks, based on semantic 3D city models (CityGML). The methodical approach developed for this purpose describes the procedure for calculating the operational energy demand (already validated) and the heating load of the building, the dimensioning of the TBS components and the calculation of the life cycle assessment. The application of the methodology is illustrated in a case study with over 115,000 residential buildings from Munich, Germany. The study shows that the methodology calculates reliable results and that a significant reduction of the life cycle based energy demand can be achieved by refurbishment measures/scenarios. Nevertheless, the goal of achieving a climate-neutral building stock is a challenge from a life cycle perspective.

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