Overexpression of OsGATA12 regulates chlorophyll content, delays plant senescence and improves rice yield under high density planting

Abstract Background Different soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf chlorophyll-content traits are considered to be significantly linked to soybean yield. To map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of soybean leaf chlorophyll-content traits, an advanced recombinant inbred line (RIL, ZH, Zhonghuang 24 × Huaxia 3) population was adopted to phenotypic data acquisitions for the target traits across six distinct environments (seasons and soybean growth stages). Moreover, the restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) based high-density genetic linkage map of the RIL population was utilized for QTL mapping by carrying out the composite interval mapping (CIM) approach. Results Correlation analyses showed that most traits were correlated with each other under specific chlorophyll assessing method and were regulated both by hereditary and environmental factors. In this study, 78 QTLs for soybean leaf chlorophyll-content traits were identified. Furthermore, 13 major QTLs and five important QTL hotspots were classified and highlighted from the detected QTLs. Finally, Glyma01g15506, Glyma02g08910, Glyma02g11110, Glyma07g15960, Glyma15g19670 and Glyma15g19810 were predicted from the genetic intervals of the major QTLs and important QTL hotspots. Conclusions The detected QTLs and candidate genes may facilitate to gain a better understanding of the hereditary basis of soybean leaf chlorophyll-content traits and may be valuable to pave the way for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding of the target traits.

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VARIABILITY OF RICE YIELD WITH RESPECT TO CROP HEALTH

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.7272 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

Renny Eka Putri ◽

Azmi Yahya ◽

Nor Maria Adam ◽

Samsuzana Abd Aziz

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Economic Status ◽

Grid Point ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Spad Value ◽

Cutting Test ◽

Available Technology ◽

Crop Health

Chlorophyll content of leaf can be used as an indicator of the crop health. The SPAD chlorophyll meter has been acceptably used for rapid analysis of chlorophyll content and nitrogen status of crops while it has not been established how strongly the SPAD values are correlated with rice yield within a plot. This study was to explore the relationship between rice yields and the leaf SPAD value of the associated rice plots. Twenty sampling points of rice leaves plant were taken at three difference growing stages based on grid point sampling of 30m x 18m for two crop seasons. Two methods, namely instantaneous yield from on-board yield monitoring system mounted on a combine harvester and estimated crop yield from cutting test (CCT) yield were used to measure the variability of harvested rice yield within the rice plot. The SPAD values were found positively correlated with grain yield at different growth stages. The highest significant correlation was at crop age 70 days after planting with Pearson’s correlations (r) ranging 0.7280 to 0.8336 (P<0.001). Consequently, information with regards to SPAD value variability could triggers farmers in taking immediate in situ action for improving the crop yield while information with regards to crop yield variability could assist farmers in planning the proper farming practice for the subsequent cropping seasons. Generally, this available technology would assist farmers in improving their crop yield and their economic status.

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Enhancing Xanthine Dehydrogenase Activity is an Effective Way to Delay Leaf Senescence and Increase Rice Yield

10.21203/rs.2.19763/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ruicai Han ◽

Xunfeng He ◽

Xiaohua Pan ◽

Qinghua Shi ◽

Ziming Wu

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Leaf Senescence ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽

Purine Metabolism ◽

Wild Type ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Over Expression ◽

Ageing Processes ◽

Rice Leaves

Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is an important enzyme in purine metabolism. It is involved in regulation of the normal growth and non-biological stress-induced ageing processes in plants. The present study investigated XDH’s role in regulating rice leaf senescence. We measured physical characteristics, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters, active oxygen metabolism, and purine metabolism in wild-type Kitaake rice ( Oryza sativa L.), an OsXDH over-expression transgenic line ( OE9 ), and an OsXDH RNA interference line ( Ri3 ) during different growth stages. The expression patterns of the OsXDH gene confirmed that XDH was involved in the regulation of normal and abiotic stress-induced ageing processes in rice. There was no significant difference between the phenotypes of transgenic lines and wild type at the seedling stage, but differences were observed at the full heading and maturation stages. The OE9 plants were taller, with higher chlorophyll content, and their photosystems had stronger light energy absorption, transmission, dissipation, and distribution capacity, which ultimately improved the seed setting rate and 1000-seed weight. The opposite effect was found in the Ri3 plants. The OE9 line had a strong ability to remove reactive oxygen species, with increased accumulation of allantoin and alantoate. Experimental spraying of allantoin on leaves showed that it could alleviate chlorophyll degradation and decrease the content of H 2 O 2 and malonaldehyde (MDA) in rice leaves after the full heading stage. The urate oxidase gene ( UO ) expression levels in the interference line were significantly lower than those in the over-expression line and wild-type lines. The allantoinase ( ALN ) and allantoate amidinohydrolase ( AAH ) genes had significantly higher expression in the Ri3 plants than the in OE9 or wild-type plants, with OE9 plants showing the lowest levels. The senescence-related genes ACD1 , WRKY23 , WRKY53 , SGR , XERO1 , and GH27 in Ri3 plants had the highest expression levels, followed by those in the wild-type plants, with OE9 plants showing the lowest levels. These results suggest that enhanced activity of XDH can regulate the synthesis of urea-related substances, improve plant antioxidant capacity, effectively delay the ageing process in rice leaves, and increase rice yield.

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Site-specific management zones delineation and Yield prediction for rice based cropping system using on-farm data sets in Tolima (Colombia)

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-2466 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sofiane Ouazaa ◽

Oscar Barrero ◽

Yeison Mauricio Quevedo Amaya ◽

Nesrine Chaali ◽

Omar Montenegro Ramos

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Cropping System ◽

Fuzzy Cluster ◽

Sampling Point ◽

Yield Prediction ◽

Management Zones ◽

On Farm ◽

Relative Chlorophyll Content

In the valley of the Alto Magdalena, Colombia, intensive agriculture and inefficient soil and water management techniques have generated a within field yield spatial variability, which have increased the production costs for the rice-based cropping system (rice, cotton and maize crops rotation field). Crop yield variations depend on the interaction between climate, soil, topography and management, and it is strongly influenced by the spatial and temporal availabilities of water and nutrients in the soil during the crop growth season. Understanding why the yield in certain portions of a field has a high variability is of paramount importance both from an economic and an environmental point of view, as it is through the better management of these areas that we can improve yields or reduce input costs and environmental impact.&#160;The aim of this study was 1) to predict rice yield using on farm data set and machine learning and 2) to compare delimited management zones (MZ) for rice-based cropping system with physiological parameters and within field variation yield.A 72 sampling points spatially distributed were defined in a 5 hectares plot at the research center Nataima, Agrosavia. For each sampling point, physical and chemical properties, biomass and relative chlorophyll content were determined at different vegetative stages. A multispectral camera mounted to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was used to acquire multispectral images over the rice canopy in order to estimate vegetation indices. Five nonlinear models and two multilinear algorithms were employed to estimate rice yield. The fuzzy cluster analysis algorithm was used to classify soil data into two to six MZ. The appropriate number of MZ was determined according to the results of a fuzziness performance index and normalized classification entropy.Results of the rice yield prediction model showed that the best performance was obtained by K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) regression algorithm with an average absolute error of 10.74%. Nonetheless, the performance of the other algorithms was acceptable except the Multiple Linear regression (MLR). The MLR showed the highest RMSE with 2712.26 kg.ha-1 in the testing dataset, while KNN regression was the best with 1029.69 kg.ha-1. These findings show the importance of machine learning could have for supporting decisions in agriculture processes management.The cluster analyses revealed that two zones was the optimal number of classes based on different criteria. Delineated zones were evaluated and revealed significant differences (p&#8804;0.05) in sand, apparent density, total porosity, pH, organic matter, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, cover and boron. The relative chlorophyll content of cotton and maize crops showed a similar spatial distribution pattern to delimited MZ. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed procedure to delineate a farmer&#8217;s field into zones based on spatially varying soil and crop properties that should be considered for irrigation and fertilization management.

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Propiedades espectrales de la cubierta de macro túneles y su relación con el crecimiento y rendimiento del chile poblano (Capsicum annuum L.).

REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA ◽

10.28940/terra.v37i3.473 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

Alejandro Zermeño González ◽

José Ángel Marroquín Morales ◽

Aaron Isain Melendres Alvarez ◽

Homero Ramírez Rodríguez ◽

Martín Cadena Zapata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Capsicum Annuum ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Spectral Characteristics ◽

High Density ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Transmitted Radiation ◽

Capsicum Annuum L

With protected agriculture, plants are sheltered from adverse climatic conditions, and the solar radiation that impacts the plants is modif ied with the purpose of improving their productivity. Therefore, the objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of the material and color of four greenhouse covers over the rate and spectral characteristics of the transmitted radiation, and their relation with chlorophyll content, growth and yield of poblano pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv Ébano culture. The study was conducted in four oval shaped macro-tunnels (4 m wide, 2.5 m high and 12 m long). The covers of three macro-tunnels consisted of red, blue and translucent polycarbonate sheets, respectively, and the remaining macro-tunnel cover was high-density diffuse polyethylene. Spectral characteristics of the solar radiation transmitted in each cover were determined using a spectroradiometer. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) rate within and outside each macro-tunnel was obtained using quantum sensors. The results of our study showed that plants that grew under polycarbonate covers of different colors presented more chlorophyll content than plants under the high-density polyethylene cover and those from open f ield. Due to the lower rate of PAR and almost null radiation transmissivity from 400 to 570 nm, plants that grew under red polycarbonate sheets were taller and with more foliage, but with lower fruit yield. The highest fruit yield was observed under the translucent polycarbonate and high-density polyethylene covers.

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Enhancing Xanthine Dehydrogenase Activity is an Effective Way to Delay Leaf Senescence and Increase Rice Yield

10.21203/rs.2.19763/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ruicai Han ◽

Xunfeng He ◽

Xiaohua Pan ◽

Qinghua Shi ◽

Ziming Wu

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Leaf Senescence ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽

Purine Metabolism ◽

Wild Type ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Over Expression ◽

Ageing Processes ◽

Rice Leaves

Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is an important enzyme in purine metabolism. It is involved in regulation of the normal growth and non-biological stress-induced ageing processes in plants. The present study investigated XDH’s role in regulating rice leaf senescence. We measured physical characteristics, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters, active oxygen metabolism, and purine metabolism in wild-type Kitaake rice ( Oryza sativa L.), an OsXDH over-expression transgenic line ( OE9 ), and an OsXDH RNA interference line ( Ri3 ) during different growth stages. The expression patterns of the OsXDH gene confirmed that XDH was involved in the regulation of normal and abiotic stress-induced ageing processes in rice. There was no significant difference between the phenotypes of transgenic lines and wild type at the seedling stage, but differences were observed at the full heading and maturation stages. The OE9 plants were taller, with higher chlorophyll content, and their photosystems had stronger light energy absorption, transmission, dissipation, and distribution capacity, which ultimately improved the seed setting rate and 1000-seed weight. The opposite effect was found in the Ri3 plants. The OE9 line had a strong ability to remove reactive oxygen species, with increased accumulation of allantoin and alantoate. Experimental spraying of allantoin on leaves showed that it could alleviate chlorophyll degradation and decrease the content of H 2 O 2 and malonaldehyde (MDA) in rice leaves after the full heading stage. The urate oxidase gene ( UO ) expression levels in the interference line were significantly lower than those in the over-expression line and wild-type lines. The allantoinase ( ALN ) and allantoate amidinohydrolase ( AAH ) genes had significantly higher expression in the Ri3 plants than the in OE9 or wild-type plants, with OE9 plants showing the lowest levels. The senescence-related genes ACD1 , WRKY23 , WRKY53 , SGR , XERO1 , and GH27 in Ri3 plants had the highest expression levels, followed by those in the wild-type plants, with OE9 plants showing the lowest levels. These results suggest that enhanced activity of XDH can regulate the synthesis of urea-related substances, improve plant antioxidant capacity, effectively delay the ageing process in rice leaves, and increase rice yield.

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Utilization of a Sugarcane100K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Microarray-Derived High-Density Genetic Map in Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping and Function Role Prediction of Genes Related to Chlorophyll Content in Sugarcane

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.817875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Guilong Lu ◽

Yong-Bao Pan ◽

Zhoutao Wang ◽

Fu Xu ◽

Wei Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Loci ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Plant Height ◽

Genetic Map ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽

High Density ◽

Ratoon Crop ◽

Stalk Diameter ◽

Elongation Phase

Chlorophyll is the most important pigment for plant photosynthesis that plays an important role in crop growth and production. In this study, the chlorophyll content trait was explored to improve sugarcane yield. Two hundred and eighty-five F1 progenies from the cross YT93-159 × ROC22 with significantly different chlorophyll contents were included as test materials. The chlorophyll content of the +1 leaves during elongation phase was measured using a SPAD-502 meter through a three-crop cycle (plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon). Linkage analysis was conducted on a high-density genetic map constructed based on the sugarcane 100K SNP chip. In addition, Fv/Fm, plant height, stalk diameter, brix data were collected on plant cane during the elongation and maturation phases. The results showed that the +1 leaf SPAD values, which can be used as an important reference to evaluate the growth potential of sugarcane, were significantly and positively correlated with the Fv/Fm during elongation phase, as well as with plant height, stalk diameter, and brix during maturity phase (P < 0.01). The broad sense heritability (H2) of the chlorophyll content trait was 0.66 for plant cane crop, 0.67 for first ratoon crop, and 0.73 for second ratoon crop, respectively, indicating that this trait was mainly controlled by genetic factors. Thirty-one quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected by QTL mapping. Among them, a major QTL, qCC-R1, could account for 12.95% of phenotypic variation explained (PVE), and the other 30 minor QTLs explained 2.37–7.99% PVE. Twenty candidate genes related to chlorophyll content were identified in the QTLs plus a 200-Kb extension region within either sides, of which four were homologous genes involved in the chlorophyll synthesis process and the remaining 16 played a certain role in chlorophyll catabolic pathway, chloroplast organization, or photosynthesis. These results provide a theoretical reference for analyzing the genetic mechanism of chlorophyll synthesis and subsequent improvement of photosynthetic characteristics in sugarcane.

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Planar defects in ordered (Ga,In)P

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100106570 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 902-903

Author(s):

S. McKernan ◽

C. B. Carter ◽

D. Bour ◽

J. R. Shealy

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Growth Direction ◽

High Density ◽

Ordered Structure ◽

Planar Defects ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Ternary Semiconductors ◽

Anion Species ◽

Metallic Vapor

The growth of ternary III-V semiconductors by organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) is widely practiced. It has been generally assumed that the resulting structure is the same as that of the corresponding binary semiconductors, but with the two different cation or anion species randomly distributed on their appropriate sublattice sites. Recently several different ternary semiconductors including AlxGa1-xAs, Gaxln-1-xAs and Gaxln1-xP1-6 have been observed in ordered states. A common feature of these ordered compounds is that they contain a relatively high density of defects. This is evident in electron diffraction patterns from these materials where streaks, which are typically parallel to the growth direction, are associated with the extra reflections arising from the ordering. However, where the (Ga,ln)P epilayer is reasonably well ordered the streaking is extremely faint, and the intensity of the ordered spot at 1/2(111) is much greater than that at 1/2(111). In these cases it is possible to image relatively clearly many of the defects found in the ordered structure.

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Quantitative defect studies in semiconductor TEM samples prepared by low angle ion milling

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100138932 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 512-513

Author(s):

L. Mulestagno ◽

J.C. Holzer ◽

P. Fraundorf

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Milling Time ◽

High Density ◽

Low Density ◽

Ion Milling ◽

High Quality ◽

Variable Angle ◽

Major Disadvantage ◽

Induced Defects

Due to the wealth of information, both analytical and structural that can be obtained from it TEM always has been a favorite tool for the analysis of process-induced defects in semiconductor wafers. The only major disadvantage has always been, that the volume under study in the TEM is relatively small, making it difficult to locate low density defects, and sample preparation is a somewhat lengthy procedure. This problem has been somewhat alleviated by the availability of efficient low angle milling.Using a PIPS® variable angle ion -mill, manufactured by Gatan, we have been consistently obtaining planar specimens with a high quality thin area in excess of 5 × 104 μm2 in about half an hour (milling time), which has made it possible to locate defects at lower densities, or, for defects of relatively high density, obtain information which is statistically more significant (table 1).

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Using the scanning electron microscope for failure analysis of high density magnetic media

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100126755 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 392-393

Author(s):

Evelyn R. Ackerman ◽

Gary D. Burnett

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Failure Analysis ◽

High Density ◽

Magnetic Media ◽

Specific Data ◽

Retrieval Systems ◽

Operating Environments ◽

The Media ◽

Scanning Electron

Advancements in state of the art high density Head/Disk retrieval systems has increased the demand for sophisticated failure analysis methods. From 1968 to 1974 the emphasis was on the number of tracks per inch. (TPI) ranging from 100 to 400 as summarized in Table 1. This emphasis shifted with the increase in densities to include the number of bits per inch (BPI). A bit is formed by magnetizing the Fe203 particles of the media in one direction and allowing magnetic heads to recognize specific data patterns. From 1977 to 1986 the tracks per inch increased from 470 to 1400 corresponding to an increase from 6300 to 10,800 bits per inch respectively. Due to the reduction in the bit and track sizes, build and operating environments of systems have become critical factors in media reliability.Using the Ferrofluid pattern developing technique, the scanning electron microscope can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the examination of failure sites on disks.

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