scholarly journals Economic Freedom and People’s Regard for Education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Relevant Factors

AbstractUsing data on 48 countries, this paper finds that people in economically freer countries care more about education. This is probably mainly because economic freedom enables them and their children to achieve higher returns to education. The magnitude of the estimated effect is substantial. The paper combines individual-level data from the World Values Survey with country-level data on economic freedom and other relevant factors. It controls for all relevant characteristics of survey respondents as well as for potentially confounding country-level characteristics. It also addresses potential endogeneity of economic freedom.

scholarly journals Secularism and Fertility Worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110313
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World

This study proposes and explores a new fertility determinant: societal secularism. Using country-level data from multiple sources ( n = 181) and multilevel data from 58 countries in the World Values Survey ( n = 83,301), the author documents a strong negative relationship between societal secularism and both country-level fertility rates and individual-level fertility behavior. Secularism, even in small amounts, is associated with population stagnation or even decline absent substantial immigration, whereas highly religious countries have higher fertility rates that promote population growth. This country-level pattern is driven by more than aggregate lower fertility of secular individuals. In fact, societal secularism is a better predictor of highly religious individuals’ fertility behavior than that of secular individuals, and this pattern is largely a function of cultural values related to gender, reproduction, and autonomy in secular societies. Beyond their importance for the religious composition of the world population, the patterns presented in this study are relevant to key fertility theories and could help account for below-replacement fertility.

Political cultures: measuring values heterogeneity

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-579
Author(s):  
Lisa Blaydes ◽  
Justin Grimmer
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data

AbstractUsing data from the World Values Survey, we analyze the extent to which value consensus exists within countries. To do this, we introduce a statistical model which allows us to generate country-level measures of cultural heterogeneity. Our statistical approach models each country as a mixture of subcultures that are shared across the world. Our results demonstrate that value consensus varies substantially across countries and regions.

scholarly journals The Authoritarian Predisposition and Liberal Beliefs about Democracy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Weimar Germany ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data

This research examines how variation in one’s authoritarian predisposition is related to liberal beliefs about democracy. As a concept founded to explain the fall of Weimar Germany and the rise of authoritarian and fascist regimes post-WWI, individual-level authoritarianism is a prime suspect when considering the changing fortunes of liberal-democracy and democratic governance; a concern often expressed in recent literatures dealing with democracy-relevant attitudes and behaviors. While research on authoritarianism is usually focused on (in)tolerance toward outgroups, this article focuses on what people believe about democracy. Using data from the World Values Survey, among other sources, I look at how authoritarianism is related to liberal beliefs about democracy and how a country’s democratic context influences this relationship. While hypotheses I derived from the literature propose that the more authoritarian will hold weaker beliefs that liberal characteristics are required for democracy and that this relationship will be stronger in more democratic countries, the data indicate the opposite: in less liberal-democratic countries, the more authoritarian more strongly believe that liberal characteristics are necessary for democracy; in more liberal-democratic countries this relationship diminishes to the point of insignificant. These findings are discussed in light of the current literature on authoritarianism.

scholarly journals CULTURAL HERITAGE AND INNOVATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
James Ang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Cultural heritage is a major driver of behavioral, social and economic norms in a society. This paper studies the relationship between culture and economic development by focusing on how individualism is related to technological innovation. It hypothesizes that individualistic people tend to have beliefs and views that emphasize the importance of innovation and creativity. Using individual-level data from the World Values Survey, the results provide some evidence in favor of this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Secularism and Fertility Worldwide

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World

This study proposes and explores a new fertility determinant: societal secularism. Using country-level data from multiple sources (N=181) and multilevel data from 58 countries in the World Values Survey (N=83,301), I document a strong negative relationship between societal secularism and both country-level fertility rates and individual-level fertility behavior. Secularism, even in small amounts, is associated with population stagnation or even decline, whereas highly religious countries have higher fertility rates that promote population growth. This country-level pattern is driven by more than aggregate lower fertility of secular individuals. In fact, societal secularism is a better predictor of highly religious individuals’ fertility behavior than that of secular individuals, and this pattern is largely a function of cultural values related to gender, reproduction, and autonomy in secular societies. Beyond their importance for the religious composition of the world population, the patterns presented in this study are relevant to key fertility theories and could help account for below-replacement fertility.

scholarly journals Creativity and security as a cultural recipe for entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Tomasz Mickiewicz ◽  
Anneli Kaasa
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Opportunity Identification ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
New Ideas

Abstract We posit that societal cultural values of creativity and security are associated with the likelihood that a person will engage in a business start-up. Creativity supports the opportunity identification and security the opportunity exploitation aspects of entrepreneurship. In contrast, both emphasis on performance and acceptance of risk-taking may not play the role that is typically assumed. To verify our hypotheses we construct a multilevel dataset, combining Global Entrepreneurship Monitor individual-level data with country-level data from the World Values Survey. We use a multilevel logit model to address the hierarchical structure of our data. We found that odds of start-up engagement are higher if people in a society value security, yet also appreciate thinking up new ideas and being creative. Our results support McCloskey's distinction between aristocratic and bourgeois values, and John and Storr's proposition that different cultural traits support different aspects of entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Government for Leaving No One Behind: Social Equity in Public Administration and Trust in Government

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110292
Author(s):  
Yunsoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Trust In Government ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

A great deal of ink has been spilled over attempts to increase trust in government. Surprisingly, the impact of social equity on trust in government has received relatively little attention. Particularly, insufficient attention has been paid to empirically connect the linkage between a country-level social equity and an individual-level trust in government. The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of social equity on citizen trust in government. This study uses a multilevel analysis to take into account macro-country level social equity. The findings from analyzing the World Values Survey and the Rule of Law Index reveal that social equity in administrative processes is positively associated with trust in the courts and the police. It is imperative to consider social equity in public administration to get a better understanding of developing citizen trust in government.

Life Cycle, Generational and Period Effects on Protest Potential in Yeltsin's Russia

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Nikolayenko
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Cycle De Vie ◽  
Europe De L’Est ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Social Turmoil

Abstract. Regime change in Eastern Europe affords an excellent opportunity for investigating linkages between age and politics in times of social turmoil. Using data from three waves of the World Values Survey, this paper explores life cycle, generational and period effects on protest potential in Yeltsin's Russia. The study finds that an individual's position in the life cycle is the strongest predictor of protest potential in the post-communist state. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that citizens socialized during periods of relative socioeconomic stability exhibit the highest protest potential under conditions of uncertainty characteristic of the transition period.Résumé. Les changements de régime en Europe de l'Est permettent d'examiner la relation complexe entre l'âge et la politique pendant les périodes d'instabilité sociale. S'appuyant sur les données de trois vagues du World Values Survey (sondage mondial sur les valeurs), cet article explore l'incidence du cycle de vie, de la génération et de la période sur le potentiel protestataire dans la Russie d'Eltsine. L'étude démontre que la position de l'individu dans le cycle de vie est le plus puissant facteur de prédiction du potentiel protestataire dans la société postcommuniste. En outre, les citoyens socialisés pendant des périodes de relative stabilité socio-économique présentent le potentiel protestataire le plus élevé dans des conditions d'incertitude caractéristiques de la période de transition.

Occupational Segregation, Teachers' Wages, and American Economic Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Teacher Wages

National, state, and individual-level data are used to explore the implications of the crowding of educated women into the teaching profession in nineteenth-century America. It is found that the more young women attended school, the lower were teacher wages and the price of educational services. Through this mechanism young women paid for their own education and, by lowering the price of educational services, helped America develop the best-educated population in the world by the century's end.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination: Concerns About Its Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inayat Ali ◽  
Shahbaz Ali ◽  
Sehar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Current Risk

By the mid of June 2021, after an almost 1.5-year-long COVID-19 pandemic that has significantly affected the world in multiple ways, various vaccines against COVID-19 have arrived and started worldwide. Yet, economic, (geo)political, and socio-cultural factors may influence its uptake at individual and country levels. Several issues will (and already have been reported in media) revolve around this vaccination regarding its accessibility, affordability, and acceptability at an individual level and a country level. Given that in this commentary, we provoke a discussion: Who—a country as well as the individuals—would have access to it, and who would economically afford it, and who would accept it? Centering these intriguing questions, we revisit the body of literature that explicates vaccine hesitancy, refusal, and resistance, and we also draw on the current literature and media reports about vaccination against COVID-19. We suggest that these backdrops need essential attention so that everyone can afford, accept, and have access to it. Otherwise, the current risk in the face of a year-old pandemic will continue.

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