scholarly journals CULTURAL HERITAGE AND INNOVATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
James Ang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Cultural heritage is a major driver of behavioral, social and economic norms in a society. This paper studies the relationship between culture and economic development by focusing on how individualism is related to technological innovation. It hypothesizes that individualistic people tend to have beliefs and views that emphasize the importance of innovation and creativity. Using individual-level data from the World Values Survey, the results provide some evidence in favor of this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Is Religion Always an Authoritarian Pursuit? Individual and Contextual Moderators of the Relationship Between Authoritarianism and Religiosity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Federico ◽  
Rafael Aguilera ◽  
Hui Bai
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Religious Involvement ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contextual Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contextual Moderators

Social scientists have devoted much attention to explaining individual and contextual variation in religiosity. Among other things, research suggests that authoritarianism is reliably associated with greater religiosity, whereas education and human development are associated with less religiosity. In this study, we explore the possibility that the relationship between authoritarianism and various indices of religiosity may be stronger in the presence of greater educational attainment and living in a society with a higher level of human development, even though the latter two variables are often thought to reduce religiosity: Using two large cross-cultural datasets from the World Values Survey, we find evidence that authoritarianism is more strongly associated with religious involvement and practice among individuals at higher levels of education and individuals living in societies with higher level of human development. In doing so, we demonstrate that the connection between authoritarianism and religiosity is contingent on both individual-level and societal moderators.

Religious Loyalty and Acceptance of Corruption

2015 ◽  
Vol 235 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moamen Gouda ◽  
Sang-Min Park
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Summary This study investigates the relationship between religiously-induced internalized values of individuals and their specific attitudes regarding the acceptance of corruption. The dataset on which our study is based was collected by the World Values Survey from 141,326 individuals in 78 countries surveyed during a period of 13 years. We propose that individual attitudes towards corruption and religion are associated given certain societal and institutional contexts. Our results show that although there is a negative and statistically significant effect of religiosity on the acceptance of corruption on the individual level, this effect is small. We find that there is a threshold value of religiosity below which corruption is more easily accepted by individuals. Our interpretation for this result is simple: individuals with minimal religiosity are generally less constrained by religious norms; specifically, religious norms that are opposed to corruption are less binding on these individuals, resulting in them having a greater propensity to accept corruption. Religiosity, therefore, does lower the acceptance of corruption only when it exceeds a certain threshold for a specific individual.

scholarly journals Economic Freedom and People’s Regard for Education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Relevant Factors

AbstractUsing data on 48 countries, this paper finds that people in economically freer countries care more about education. This is probably mainly because economic freedom enables them and their children to achieve higher returns to education. The magnitude of the estimated effect is substantial. The paper combines individual-level data from the World Values Survey with country-level data on economic freedom and other relevant factors. It controls for all relevant characteristics of survey respondents as well as for potentially confounding country-level characteristics. It also addresses potential endogeneity of economic freedom.

Occupational Segregation, Teachers' Wages, and American Economic Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Teacher Wages

National, state, and individual-level data are used to explore the implications of the crowding of educated women into the teaching profession in nineteenth-century America. It is found that the more young women attended school, the lower were teacher wages and the price of educational services. Through this mechanism young women paid for their own education and, by lowering the price of educational services, helped America develop the best-educated population in the world by the century's end.

scholarly journals Gender, Marital Status and Life Satisfaction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore N Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

*This paper uses materials from the World Values Survey and the EuropeanValues Study from 2006-2014 to study the relationship of gender and maritalstatus to life satisfaction. In an analysis of 103,217 respondents from 81nations I find that while there do not seem to be main effects of gender onlife satisfaction – that is, women are no more or less satisfied with theirlives than are men -- gender moderates the effects of geographical region,age, employment status, education, religious affiliation, and attendance ofreligious services on life satisfaction. In particular, there aresubstantial differences in the effects of marital status on lifesatisfaction by gender. The gender differences in most effects are sosubstantial that I argue that it makes no sense to analyze lifesatisfaction data without performing separate analyses by gender. *

scholarly journals A dinâmica da integração internacional das economias e o Brasil: um exercício teórico

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Eiiti Sato
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Since the exchange of goods, services, and capital became a worldwide system some nations have succeeded becoming wealthy and prosperous while many others have failed remaining in poverty. Over the last three decades the dynamism of the increasing integrated world economy became an essential part of the process of economic growth, and as a consequence growth has been meager in countries like Brazil whose authorities have remained systematically hesitant to integrate the domestic markets into the world economy, staying apart from the main flows of trade and capital. The article discusses also why economic development studies has moved from the field of Economy to the field of International Relations forming the area of International Political Economy studies which is mainly driven to understand the trends and changes in the relationship between the state institutions and the market forces in the national and international levels. The essay concludes that to any country the process of integrating into the world economy means exploring and improving national potentialities rather than abandoning national identity and interests. 

Values and Corruption

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kravtsova ◽  
Aleksey Oshchepkov ◽  
Christian Welzel
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

Using World Values Survey data from several dozen countries around the world, this article analyzes the relationship between postmaterialist values and bribery (dis)approval in a multilevel framework. We find that people, who place stronger emphasis on postmaterialist values, tend to justify bribery more. However, the “ecological” effect of postmaterialism operates in the exactly opposite direction: A higher prevalence of postmaterialist values induces more bribery disapproval, and especially among postmaterialists themselves. In our view, this happens because the large number of people who internalized postmaterialist values generate positive social externalities which strengthen negative attitudes toward corruption. We outline a theoretical framework that explains why and how these externalities may emerge. Our results contribute to the literature on the sociocultural factors of corruption, provide a better understanding of the complex nature of postmaterialism, and also might be interesting in the light of ongoing discussions on whether moral attitudes are culturally universal or culturally specific.

Are the religious suspicious of science? Investigating religiosity, religious context, and orientations towards science

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 967-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Chan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Scientific Authority ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Are the religious suspicious of science? Drawing on data from 52 nations in the World Values Survey (wave 6) ( N = 58,474), I utilize multilevel models to examine the relationship between religiosity, religious context, and five different orientations towards science: confidence in science, trust in scientific authority under conditions of conflict with religion, faith in science, views on the moral effects of science, and interest in scientific knowledge. Results show that while religiosity is on average negatively associated with the five outcomes, the relationship between religiosity and orientations towards science varies by country such that religiosity is sometimes positively associated with the different outcomes. Religiosity is only consistently negatively associated with trust in scientific authority in all countries and with all orientations towards science in western countries. Finally, differences in orientations towards science also exist across country religious contexts, with countries dominated by the unaffiliated having more positive orientations towards science.

Numerical Data and Statistical Sources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Data ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
African History ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Police Records ◽  
Intimate Knowledge

The use of numerical data and statistical sources in African history has expanded in recent decades, facilitated by technological advances and the digitization of primary sources. This expansion has included new analysis of traditional measures (population, government, and trade) as well as new sources of individual-level data such as census returns, marriage registers, and military and police records. Overall, this work has allowed for a more comprehensive quantitative picture of Africa’s history, and in particular facilitated comparisons within Africa and between African countries and other parts of the world. However, there remain misunderstandings about the collection, use, and interpretation of these data. Increasingly sophisticated methods of quantitative analysis can alienate scholars who have an intimate knowledge of the data and how they are produced, but lack specialist methodological training. At the same time, limited understanding of the origins and reliability of quantitative data can lead to misinterpretation.

School variation in offending: A macro-level strain approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-722
Author(s):  
Julia Sandahl
Keyword(s):  
School Level ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This study employs Macro-level Strain Theory (MST) as a framework to provide a better understanding of the way in which the structural and social context of Stockholm schools covaries with self-reported violent and general offending. The findings contribute to the literature in this area by directing a special focus at the interplay between the theory’s macro-level components and some individual-level mechanisms that may be assumed to condition the effect of strain on offending. Using multi-level data on 4789 students nested in 82 schools (violent offending) and 4643 students nested in 83 schools (general offending) in the City of Stockholm, the study notes significant contextual effects of anger, meaninglessness and life dissatisfaction on offending. School-level deprivation appears to have a confounding effect on the relationship between school-contextual negative affect and offending. Further, school-contextual anger influences some individuals more than others. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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