scholarly journals Increasing Water System Robustness in the Netherlands: Potential of Cross-Sectoral Water Reuse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Pronk ◽  
S. F. Stofberg ◽  
T. C. G. W. Van Dooren ◽  
M. M. L. Dingemans ◽  
J. Frijns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water System ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Effluent Reuse ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractWater reuse has the potential to substantially reduce the demand on groundwater and surface water. This study presents a method to evaluate the potential of water reuse schemes in a regional context and demonstrates how water reuse propagates through the water system and potentially reduces pressure on groundwater resources. The use of Sankey diagram visualisation provides a valuable tool to explore and evaluate regional application of water reuse, its potential to reduce groundwater and surface water demand, and the possible synergies and trade-offs between sectors. The approach is demonstrated for the Dutch anthropogenic water system in the current situation and for a future scenario with increased water demand and reduced water availability due to climate change. Four types of water reuse are evaluated by theoretically upscaling local or regional water reuse schemes based on local reuse examples currently in operation in the Netherlands or Flanders: municipal and industrial wastewater effluent reuse for irrigation, effluent reuse for industrial applications, and reuse for groundwater replenishment. In all cases, water reuse has the potential to significantly reduce groundwater extraction volume, and thus to alleviate the pressure on the groundwater system. The water-quantity based analysis is placed in the context of water quality demands, health and safety aspects, technological requirements, regulations, public perception, and its net impact on the environment. This integrative context is essential for a successful implementation of water reuse in practice.

Facing water shortage in a Mediterranean tourist area: seawater desalination or water reuse?

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Xu ◽  
F. Brissaud ◽  
M. Salgot
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Seawater Desalination

An integrated technical-economic modelling framework was developed to help planning and managing of water resources in a Mediterranean tourist area, Palma on Majorca island (Spain). Due to high water demand, groundwater resources are depleted and new water resources should be developed. Seawater desalination has become an important solution to water shortage, especially in the summer tourist season. Meanwhile, reclaimed water has been applied for agricultural and landscape irrigation. With regard to the treated wastewater not being effectively reused, further water reuse scenarios are envisaged in order to meet new water demand, restore over-exploited aquifers and reduce expensive seawater desalination. Three types of models were established and coupled: (i) hydrological models; (ii) water demand and/or need model; (iii) technical-economic model. In addition, a multi-criteria analysis completed the technical-economic modelling. The simulated water reuse scenarios are not alternative but complementary. They provide the possibilities for total reuse of wastewater in the Palma area. Compared with seawater desalination, water reuse is a cost-effective solution to address water scarcity issues in the Palma area. Using tertiary effluent for landscape irrigation allows over-exploited aquifers to recover. It is very attractive in terms of economic benefits and feasible with respect to technical and social aspects. Further water reuse for extending agricultural irrigation can greatly reduce seawater desalination but acquiring the farmers' agreement to give up pumping groundwater for irrigation would meet some difficulties. Water recharge would help to totally reuse wastewater but uncertainties related to public perception and the attitude or regulatory board and local authorities need dealing with. Because water reuse requires a long-term managing viewpoint in order to prepare and demonstrate its feasibility and security, seawater desalination was adopted as an emergency solution to meet peak demands during the tourist season and in case of drought.

scholarly journals Pressurized drainage can effectively reduce subsidence of peatlands – lessons from polder Spengen, the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 741-746
Author(s):  
Jantine Hoekstra ◽  
Annette van Schie ◽  
Henk A. van Hardeveld
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Basin ◽  
Soil Subsidence ◽  
Basin Surface ◽  
Below Ground

Abstract. Reducing soil subsidence caused by peat oxidation is a major challenge in the Dutch peatlands. To maintain suitable conditions for dairy farming water levels are periodically lowered to keep pace with soil subsidence. Consequently, soil subsidence continues, causing increasing water management costs. We experimented with pressurized drainage in Polder Spengen, a peatland polder in the west of the Netherlands that is primarily used for dairy farming. In this polder, surface water levels of 40 cm below ground surface are maintained, which results in average soil subsidence rates of 7 mm yr−1. Pressurized drainage is a novel technique to reduce soil subsidence, it uses field drains that are connected to a small water basin. Surface water can be pumped in or out the water basin, which enables active manipulation of the pressure head in the field drains. The objective of this study is to implement this technique into practice and determine its effect on groundwater tables, soil subsidence rates, and water demand. We applied pressurized drainage in 55 ha of peatland meadows in Polder Spengen, distributed over seven farms. We monitored groundwater tables, surface elevation and water demand. Preliminary results show that during the extreme dry summer of 2018, groundwater tables could be maintained at 40 cm below ground surface, which is 60 cm higher compared to locations without pressurized drainage. This reduced soil subsidence by 50 %. Throughout the entire summer of 2018, the water demand amounted to 3–5 mm d−1. We believe the technique can effectively contribute to minimize soil subsidence, but relatively high implementation costs may be a barrier to large-scale implementation.

scholarly journals Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wada ◽  
D. Wisser ◽  
M. F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Consumptive Water ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water withdrawal and consumptive water use have been increasing rapidly. To analyze the human perturbation on water resources consistently over a large scale, a number of macro-scale hydrological models (MHMs) have been developed over the recent decades. However, few models consider the feedback between water availability and water demand, and even fewer models explicitly incorporate water allocation from surface water and groundwater resources. Here, we integrate a global water demand model into a global water balance model, and simulate water withdrawal and consumptive water use over the period 1979–2010, considering water allocation from surface water and groundwater resources and explicitly taking into account feedbacks between supply and demand, using two re-analysis products: ERA-Interim and MERRA. We implement an irrigation water scheme, which works dynamically with daily surface and soil water balance, and include a newly available extensive reservoir data set. Simulated surface water and groundwater withdrawal show generally good agreement with available reported national and sub-national statistics. The results show a consistent increase in both surface water and groundwater use worldwide, but groundwater use has been increasing more rapidly than surface water use since the 1990s. Human impacts on terrestrial water storage (TWS) signals are evident, altering the seasonal and inter-annual variability. The alteration is particularly large over the heavily regulated basins such as the Colorado and the Columbia, and over the major irrigated basins such as the Mississippi, the Indus, and the Ganges. Including human water use generally improves the correlation of simulated TWS anomalies with those of the GRACE observations.

Instruments to reduce the leaching of heavy metals from building materials in the Netherlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J.H. van Breemen ◽  
P.H.M. Vermij
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Water System ◽  
Sealing Material ◽  
Metal Building

In the Netherlands the leaching of heavy metals from metal building and constructing materials results in serious contamination problems in the water system. The most common sources of these heavy metals in construction materials are copper waterworks and roofs, zinc roofs, gutters and rain pipes, zinced steel, stainless steel, and lead sealing material. In urban waters the surface water and sediment standards are often exceeded. Although building and construction materials are certainly not the only source of heavy metals, they are an important part of the problem. This article focuses on six instruments that are in use in the Netherlands to try to reduce impact on the surface waters. In addition to this, national as well as international, a reconsideration of the risks and surface water standards for several heavy metals is considered. A balanced use of instruments can be considered as the application of a best practice.

scholarly journals Change of regional water chemistry driven by group coal mining in Changzhi basin, Shanxi, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 09001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhantao Han ◽  
Fawang Zhang ◽  
Hongchao Yao
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Regional Water

Coal mining can deplete groundwater resources and discharge polluted water into the surrounding water bodies, decreasing the quality of ground and surface water. Group coal mining can drastically deteriorate regional water quality due to the overlying effects of multiple mines. As a country, China produces the most coal per year in the world. Group coal mining in China has caused a decline in the quality of many watersheds. This study introduced the regional water quality in Changchi basin, Shanxi province, which contains coal seams covering over 60% of its area and has over 10 active collieries. Coal mine discharge caused the increase of TDS, especially NO3-, in the river receiving the mining discharge. Quality of groundwater was also affected by the contaminated surface water when it was recharged by surface water. Reuse and treatment of mining discharged should be promoted in the area with high intensity of group coal mining.

scholarly journals Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Stresses on Surface and Groundwater Supply Sources of the Upper Awash Sub-Basin, Central Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behailu Birhanu ◽  
Seifu Kebede ◽  
Katrina Charles ◽  
Meron Taye ◽  
Ayele Atlaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Conjunctive Use ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

Improving water security is critical to delivering the best outcomes for development. In Ethiopia, the upper Awash sub-basin supports expanding urban and industrial areas, with increasing water demands. Studies have preferentially focused either on surface water hydrology or on groundwater characterization. However, novel tools are required to support the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater for competing users under potential climate change impacts. In this paper, we present research based on a WEAP-MODFLOW link configured for four catchments in the upper Awash sub-basin (Akaki, Melka Kunture, Mojo, and Koka). The Akaki catchment supplies water for Addis Ababa city. Unlike most surface water hydrological models, both supply (surface water and groundwater) and demand (domestic, industrial, and livestock) are modeled. The tool was used to evaluate the impacts of population growth, leakage, expansion of surface and groundwater supply schemes, and climate change scenarios up to the year 2030. Considering the high population growth rate scenario for Addis Ababa city, the unmet domestic water demand may increase to 760 MCM in 2030. Water leakage through poor water supply distribution networks contributed about 23% of the unmet water demand. Though not significant compared with population and water loss stresses, climate change also affect the supply demand condition in the basin. Planning for more groundwater abstraction without considering additional surface water reservoir schemes will noticeably impact the groundwater resource, with groundwater levels projected to decline by more than 20 m. Even more groundwater level decline is observed In the Akaki catchment, where Addis Ababa city is located. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater not only boosts the supply demand situation in the basin but will lift off some of the stresses from the groundwater resources. Even under the likely increase in temperature and low precipitation climate scenarios, the conjunctive use resulted in a significant increase in domestic water demand coverage from 26% for the reference condition to 90% in 2030, with minimum effect on the groundwater resources. To improve water security conditions through sustainable utilization of both surface and groundwater resources, policy responses need to consider surface and groundwater conjunctive use. Minimizing water leakage should also be given the highest priority.

scholarly journals Simulation-Optimization Model for Conjunctive Management of Surface Water and Groundwater for Agricultural Use

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3444
Author(s):  
Agbortoko Bate Ashu ◽  
Sang-Il Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Simulation Optimization ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Conjunctive Management

The conjunctive management of surface water and groundwater resources is essential to sustainably manage water resources. The target study is the Osan watershed, in which approximately 60–70% of rainfall occurs during the summer monsoon in Central South Korea. Surface water resources are overexploited six times as much as groundwater resources in this region, leading to increasing pressure to satisfy the region’s growing agricultural water demand. Therefore, a simulation-optimization (S-O) model at the sub-basin scale is required to optimize water resource allocation in the Osan watershed. An S-O model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) model coupled with Jaya algorithm optimization (JA) was used to determine the yearly conjunctive supply of agricultural water. The objective was to minimize the water deficit in the watershed subject to constraints on the cumulative drawdown in each subarea. The ANN model could predict the behaviour of the groundwater level and facilitate decision making. The S-O model could minimize the water deficit by approximately 80% in response to the gross water demand, thereby proving to be suitable for a conjunctive management model for water resource management and planning.

scholarly journals Impact of the WFD on agriculture in the Netherlands and possible effect-specific hydrological measures: the Dutch approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan van Bakel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Time Behaviour ◽  
European Water

Impact of the WFD on agriculture in the Netherlands and possible effect-specific hydrological measures: the Dutch approach The European Water Framework Directive can have enormous consequences for agriculture in the Netherlands. In parts of the country agriculture should be taken out of production because the nutrient loads to the surface water system are far too high. This doom scenario is of course undesired and a number of source-specific and effect-specific measures are necessary. The fate of nutrients in the soil is strongly interrelated with its hydrology. Directly, because nutrients are transported by water and the distribution of the residence time of drainage water is a good measure for the time behaviour of the nutrient loads to the surface water system. Longer residence time in the soil means more of nutrients applied by farmers but also a longer recovery period, after applying source-specific measures. In this paper three promising effect-specific hydrological measures are described buffer strips, retention strips, and controlled drainage.

Sewers and the Quality of Canals and Ditches in Amsterdam

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jacobs ◽  
J. W. van Sluis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Water And Sediment Quality

The surface water system of Amsterdam is very complicated. Of two characteristic types of water systems the influences on water and sediment quality are investigated. The importance of the sewer output to the total loads is different for both water systems. In a polder the load from the sewers is much more important than in the canal basin. Measures to reduce the emission from the sewers are much more effective in a polder. The effect of these measures on sediment quality is more than the effect on water quality. Some differences between a combined sewer system and a separate sewer system can be found in sediment quality.

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