Urban expansion in China and its effect on cultivated land before and after initiating “Reform and Open Policy”

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1930-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZengXiang Zhang ◽  
QingKe Wen ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
XiaoLi Zhao ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Open Policy ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Reclamation of Cultivated Land Reserves in Northeast China: Indigenous Ecological Insecurity Underlying National Food Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbo Li ◽  
Dongyan Wang ◽  
Shuhan Liu ◽  
Yuanli Zhu ◽  
Zhuoran Yan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Gains And Losses

The competition for land resources created by the need for food security and ecological security is intensifying globally. To resolve the issue of land scarcity in agriculture following rapid urbanization, China implemented its requisition–compensation balance policy of cultivated lands in 1997, the introduction of which consumed numerous areas of land, such as river shoal and bare land, through reclamation. Moreover, these reclaimed and newly cultivated lands were mainly distributed in the northern part of China. Most previous studies of this subject have only examined the overall balance of cultivated lands in well-developed regions, and there is a lack of knowledge about the indigenous gains and losses before and after reclamation in important areas such as northeast China. Therefore, this study selected two representative county-level units in northeast China as the study area to analyze the conversion of cultivated land reserves during 1996–2015, evaluate the performance of reclaimed cultivated lands in terms of quality and productivity and calculate reclamation-induced changes in ecosystem service value. The results indicated that by 2015 only 16.02% of the original cultivated land reserves remained unconverted; nearly 60% were reclaimed as cultivated lands and over 20% were converted to other land resources. River shoal and ruderal land were the primary resources for cultivated lands compensation, and marsh, bare land and saline-alkaline land were found to be converted the most thoroughly. The gain of 23018.55 ha reclaimed cultivated lands were of relatively inferior quality and lower productivity, contributing approximately 4.32% of total grain output. However, this modest gain was at the expense of a 768.03 million yuan ecosystem services loss, with regulating services and supporting services being undermined the most. We argue that even if northeast China continues to shoulder the responsibility of compensating for a majority of cultivated land losses, it still needs to carefully process reclamation and introduce practical measures to protect indigenous ecosystems, in order to better serve the local residents and ensure prolonged food security with sustainability.

scholarly journals Disputing ‘market value’: the Bombay Improvement Trust and the reshaping of a speculative land market in early twentieth-century Bombay

Urban History ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shabnum Tejani
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Public Purpose ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Future Value ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Urban expansion in the early twentieth century had a profound impact on India's urban land economies. Historians argue that in this period, urban India went through an increasing marketization of land and that improvement trusts had a significant hand in accelerating land speculation. In the case of Bombay, we still understand little of the relationship between the activities of the Bombay Improvement Trust and rising land values. The article examines key legal disputes around compensation for land acquired by the Trust for public purpose before and after World War I. Such cases show how the Trust and the judiciary shaped changing expectations around what comprised ‘market value’ and consequently became deeply involved in Bombay's land economy. Where officials had earlier resisted valuations that they believed encouraged speculation, after the 1920s the resolution of disputes incorporated future value as a legitimate and necessary part of the economy.

Implementation and evaluation of a liberalized visiting policy

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Simpson ◽  
D Wilson ◽  
N Mucken ◽  
S Martin ◽  
E West ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Nurse Specialist ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Open Policy ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unit Function ◽  
Nurses Perceptions ◽  
Visiting Policy

BACKGROUND: Visiting policies have been liberalized in ICUs, but the process and outcome of policy modifications have not been well described. OBJECTIVES: To describe the process by which nurses in one critical care unit modified visiting from a restricted to a liberalized (i.e., modified open) policy, and to evaluate the nurses' perceptions about visiting before and after the policy was liberalized. METHODS: A group of ICU/coronary care unit nurses met to discuss changes in their unit's visiting policy. Before the change was initiated, nurses (N = 36) in the unit were informally surveyed regarding their perceptions and attitudes about visiting. After a 3-month trial of liberalized visiting, in which visiting hours were increased at the discretion of the nursing staff, nurses (N = 32) were surveyed using a questionnaire about their beliefs, attitudes, level of satisfaction, and perceptions of their actual visiting policy. RESULTS: Nurses confirmed that the visiting policy had become liberalized, and they believed that liberalized visiting had positive effects on patients' emotional well-being. Nurses had more positive attitudes about the effects of liberalized visiting on families than on patients and unit function. Most nurses were satisfied with liberalized visiting. However, attitudes differed about how liberalized visiting affected patients' physiological responses or the unit function. CONCLUSIONS: Effective implementation of liberalized visiting depends on assessment of the following: nurses' beliefs, attitudes, and satisfaction about a change toward a more open visiting policy; staff involvement in determining the policy; and nurse manager and clinical nurse specialist support.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Speed, Landscape Pattern Changes and Its Driving Factors of Shenzhen China

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Qinxue He ◽  
Yuhong Chen ◽  
Yunlei Su
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
University Enrolment ◽  
Main Factors

Urban expansion has always been a topic of great concern. The purpose of this study is to explore land use change and the types of urban expansion in Shenzhen from 1995 to 2015, and to indicate the driving factors of this change, so as to provide a paradigm for other similar studies. By analysing the landscape expansion index and the correlation coefficient between urban area and various factors in Shenzhen, the following conclusions are obtained: 1) The main changes of land use types are the decrease of cultivated land and the increase of urban land. The land cover type changed most dramatically from 2000 to 2005, and the urban land transformed from cultivated land and grassland occupied most of the area. 2) Analysis shows that during the 20 years from 1995 to 2015, the main expansion type is edge-expansion. In detail, during the period from 1995 to 2010, the proportion of infilling has been increasing, while that of the outlying has been decreasing. After 2010, the urban area of Shenzhen increased slightly. Besides, according to the landscape expansion index, Shenzhen experienced dramatic urban expansion from 2000 to 2005. 3) Education and population growth are the main factors of urban growth in Shenzhen, which is reflected in the strongest correlation between university enrolment rate and urban area.

scholarly journals The Heterogeneous Impact of High-Speed Railway on Urban Expansion in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4914
Author(s):  
Dan He ◽  
Zixuan Chen ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
Linlin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The Impact

High-speed railway (HSR) promote the efficient flow of the population and materials between cities and have profoundly affected urban economic development in China. However, there is currently limited research about how HSR influences urban expansion, especially related to the variable impacts on different urban agglomerations, different size cities, and the conversion of non-urban land to urban land. In this study, from two levels of regional heterogeneity and type heterogeneity, a multi-stage difference-in-differences (multi-stage DID) model and land use remote sensing data are used to investigate these research areas. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The first opening of HSR had a more significant role in promoting urban expansion than HSR frequency, but several years after opening, HSR no longer promotes urban expansion. (2) The opening of HSR only played a significant role in promoting urban expansion in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei. HSR frequency had a significant role in promoting urban expansion in the Yangtze River Delta. (3) The opening of HSR had no significant impact on urban expansion for different size cities, and HSR frequency only had a significant negative impact on urban expansion of small cities. (4) The first opening of HSR led to urban expansion dominated by the occupation of cultivated land. Cities in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia mainly converted barren land and vegetation cover to urban land after the first opening of HSR. In northeast China, the first opening of HSR made the conversion of vegetation cover and cultivated land to urban land roughly equivalent in size. The results of this study are helpful to understand the impact of the first opening of HSR and the scale of conversion of different types of non-urban land into urban land on urban expansion. In the era of HSR, these findings provide a valuable reference for regional planning and preventing the disorderly expansion of cities.

scholarly journals Assessment of Value Changes and Spatial Differences in Land Use Based on an Empirical Survey in the Manas River Basin

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Xin Yan ◽  
Yuejian Wang ◽  
Na Liao ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Zili Fan
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
County Level ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Land Protection ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Integration Pattern ◽  
Manas River Basin ◽  
Before And After

Land integration is an important means of increasing the multifunctional value of arable land. The scientific measurement of the integrative value of arable land before and after land consolidation can improve farmers’ overall understanding of the value of arable land, increase their awareness of arable land protection, and encourage them to implement arable land protection policies. Additionally, it can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of reasonable compensation standards for arable land in various areas of the Manas River Basin and effectively promote the use of the “Shawan model”. In this paper, the sample used for the survey was made up of 380 farmers from 10 villages in three different regions of Shawan City (county-level city). The participatory farmer assessment (PRA) method was used to conduct a detailed investigation of the integration of farmers’ cultivated land, while the landscape pattern index method was used to analyze the intensity of the cultivated land integration pattern. By constructing a measurement system for the integrative value of cultivated land and adding up the economic, pro-ecological, and social values before and after the integration of the cultivated land, estimated using the income reduction method, the equivalent factor method, and the shadow engineering method, we found that the cultivated land in each region of Shawan City (county-level city) was more effectively integrated, the scale of the field expanded, the shape of the patches tended to be more regular, and the field surface more flat. However, the degree of integration varied from region to region, with the degree of integration from the largest to the smallest as follows: oasis agricultural zone > oasis/desert ecological zone > hilly zone. We found that the integration of cultivated land has a significant effect on the integrated value of cultivated land, and the value of cultivated land in different regions showed different degrees of improvement after integration. The cultivated land of villages located in the oasis/desert ecotone showed a significant overall improvement after integration, followed by cultivated land in the oasis agricultural area. The value of cultivated land increased significantly, while the value of cultivated land in the hilly area showed less improvement after integration. The value of cultivated land integration in different regions is related to the intensity of the cultivated land integration, the per capita cultivated land area, the ecosystem biomass, and the crop planting area. The purpose of this paper is to effectively diagnose and promote the “Shawan Model” (land integration), formulate reasonable compensation standards for cultivated land in different regions of the Manas River Basin, and implement cultivated land protection policies.

scholarly journals Spatial influence and prediction of oasis urban expansion on cultivated land in arid areas: A case study of the Hexi Corridor

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1008
Author(s):  
Qin-ke SUN ◽  
Liang ZHOU ◽  
Xiang-long TANG ◽  
Dong-qi SUN ◽  
Xue-wei DANG
Keyword(s):  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Hexi Corridor ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Spatial Influence

scholarly journals A New Framework for Modelling and Monitoring the Conversion of Cultivated Land to Built-up Land Based on a Hierarchical Hidden Semi-Markov Model Using Satellite Image Time Series

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Lei Lin ◽  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
Hichem Sahli ◽  
Yixiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Annual Series ◽  
Farmland Loss ◽  
Land Cover Dynamics

Large amounts of farmland loss caused by urban expansion has been a severe global environmental problem. Therefore, monitoring urban encroachment upon farmland is a global issue. In this study, we propose a novel framework for modelling and monitoring the conversion of cultivated land to built-up land using a satellite image time series (SITS). The land-cover change process is modelled by a two-level hierarchical hidden semi-Markov model, which is composed of two Markov chains with hierarchical relationships. The upper chain represents annual land-cover dynamics, and the lower chain encodes the vegetation phenological patterns of each land-cover type. This kind of architecture enables us to represent the multilevel semantic information of SITS at different time scales. Specifically, intra-annual series reflect phenological differences and inter-annual series reflect land-cover dynamics. In this way, we can take advantage of the temporal information contained in the entire time series as well as the prior knowledge of land cover conversion to identify where and when changes occur. As a case study, we applied the proposed method for mapping annual, long-term urban-induced farmland loss from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series in the Jing-Jin-Tang district, China from 2001 to 2010. The accuracy assessment showed that the proposed method was accurate for detecting conversions from cultivated land to built-up land, with the overall accuracy of 97.72% in the spatial domain and the temporal accuracy of 74.60%. The experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method in comparison with other state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, the spatial-temporal patterns of urban expansion revealed in this study are consistent with the findings of previous studies, which also confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals The State of Food Security in Pakistan: Future Challenges and Coping Strategies

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4II) ◽  
pp. 903-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munir Ahmad ◽  
Umar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
And Coping

Pakistan is a low income developing country. Agriculture is the most important sector of the country meeting food and fibre requirements of the fast growing population. Although the rate of population increase has considerably slowed down from over 3 percent in 1980s to 2.09 percent in 2009-10, it is still considered high.1 With the current rate of population growth, the population is expected to get doubled by 2050—making Pakistan 4th largest nation by 2050 from current status of 6th most populous state of the world [Pakistan (2010)]. The total cultivated area has increased by just 40 percent during past 60 years, while there has been more than 4 times increase in population with urban expansion of over seven-fold—resulting into mega-cities2 as well as rising population pressure on cultivated land. Wheat production, a major food crop, has increased five-fold during the same period—yet the country is marginal importer of wheat. Tremendous efforts are needed both advances in technology and population control to narrow the food supply-demand gap.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document