Why was china trapped in an agrarian society? An economic geographical approach to the needham puzzle

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-534
Author(s):  
Guanzhong James Wen
Keyword(s):  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Needham Puzzle

Social Structures and Spatial Alignments of Agrarian Urbanisation

Urbanisation ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 245574712110165
Author(s):  
K. Sivaramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Marginalised Groups ◽  
Conservation Projects

Agrarian urbanisation has gathered pace and intensity in the last few decades after economic liberalisation in India. A faster rate of economic growth has exacerbated the extraction of rural natural resources to supply increased urban demands. At the same time, rural landscapes have been transformed by expanded infrastructure, new industrial ventures, conservation projects and urban sprawl. These processes have been mediated by shifting patterns of caste power and political mobilisation. However, they also seem to have exacerbated social inequality while making historically marginalised groups such as Dalits and Adivasis suffer greater dispossession and livelihood precarity. Case studies from different regions of India reveal both the socio-economic dynamics of regional variation in these broad outcomes of agrarian urbanism, and the cross-regional patterns of environmental degradation, exacerbated inequality and difficulties faced by agrarian society in reproducing itself as an integral part of Indian prosperity and progress.

scholarly journals Matthew as marginal scribe in an advanced agrarian society

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Duling
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Gospel Of Matthew ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Voluntary Association ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Cultural Marginality

Analysis of 22 references to scribes in the Gospel of Matthew shows that a few of them are positive comments and that  the author himself was a scribe.   What type of scribe was he and how can we clarify his social context? By means of the models of Lenski and Kautsky, by recent research about scribes, literacy, and power, and by new marginality theory, this article extensively refines Saldarini’s hypothesis that the scribes were “retainers”. The thesis is that in “Matthew’s” Christ-believing group, his scribal profession and literacy meant power and socio-religious status. Yet, his voluntary association with Christ believers (“ideological marginality”), many of whom could not participate in social roles expected of them (“structural marginality”), led to his living between two historical traditions, languages, political  loyalties, moral codes, social rankings, and ideological-religious sympathies (“cultural marginality”). The Matthean author’s cultural marginality will help to clarify certain well-known literary tensions in the Gospel of Matthew.  

Гocкaпитaлизм, Coциaльныe Клaccы, Культуpный Лaндшaфт Coвeтcкoй Дepeвни Cтaлинcкoгo и Пocлecтaлинcкoгo Bpeмeни

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-337 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Specific System ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The 1960S

This article analyzes socio-economic and cultural transformations in the Soviet village from the end of the 1920s until the 1980s. The authors identify the agrarian system of that time as state capitalism and reveal that during the 1950s and 1960s, capital that played a leading role in Soviet agriculture. The authors argue that the emergence of state capitalism was due to the interaction of the state, collective farms, and peasant holdings. The preservation of traditional peasant holdings allowed the state to build a specific system of non-economic exploitation, the core of which existed until the beginning of the 1960s. The authors connect the formation of agrarian capitalism with the creation of new rural classes. The authors conclude that from the 1920s to the 1980s, a combination of economic, political and socio-cultural factors led to the transformation of the agrarian society in the Soviet Union into the state capitalism.

scholarly journals STUDI KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT JATIGEDE

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Yuzar Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Concave Surface ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
West Java ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Language Behavior

AbstrakMasyarakat Jatigede berada di wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Sumedang Provinsi Jawa Barat. Istilah “masyarakat Jatigede”  merupakan gabungan masyarakat 5 kecamatan yang terkena dampak pembangunan Waduk Jatigede. Nama Jatigede diambil dari salah satu kecamatan dari kelima kecamatan yang terkena dampak. Wilayah ini berada di bawah perbukitan dengan bentuk permukaan yang cekung sehingga memenuhi syarat untuk dijadikan sebuah bendungan raksasa, waduk. Oleh karena posisinya berada di bawah  dengan permukaan yang cukup luas, daerah ini terkenal dengan kesuburannya, baik ditumbuhi dengan berbagai macam tumbuhan tropis maupun dengan tanaman padi yang hijau membentang luas.  Masyarakat Jatigede merupakan  masyarakat agraris yang kesehariannya dominan berkecimpung dalam pertanian, masyarakat ini dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya kental dengan budaya Sunda. Masyarakatnya sejak dulu sampai kini relatif memegang teguh warisan budaya karuhun (leluhur), mulai dari perilaku bertani, daur hidup, kesenian, perilaku berbahasa, dan sebagainya. Penelitian ini dibatasi pada kepercayaan masyarakat Jatigede yang tertuang dalam upacara pertanian, upacara daur hidup, dan ungkapan tradisional. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang kepercayaan masyarakat Jatigede Kabupaten Sumedang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. AbstractThe Jatigede society is located under the administration region of Sumedang sub district West Java Province.  The term “Jatigede Society” is a combination of five sub districts which is affected by Waduk Jatigede.  The name of Jatigede is taken from one of the subdistrict name.  The territory is under the valley which have concave surface form and make it eligible to be used as a giant dam, reservoir.  Because of its position, the area is famous for its fertility, either overgrown with a variety of tropical plants or with stretches of green rice plants widely.  Jatigede community is predominantly agrarian society, daily engaged in agriculture, and their life is thick with Sundanese culture. Relatively, since the beginning until now this society upholds cultural heritage (ancestors), ranging from farming behavior, life cycle, arts, language behavior, and so on. This study is limited to Jatigede belief which formed in agricultural ceremonies, life cycle ceremonies, and traditional expressions. The purpose of the study is to get an overview of Jatigede Sumedang belief. This study uses descriptive qualitative approach.

scholarly journals “PEOPLE WANTED FREEDOM”: REFLECTION OF THE “KIEVAN KOZACHCHYNA” OF 1855 IN THE CORRESPONDENCE AND DIARY NOTES BY HRYHORIY GALAGAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Yevgen Kovalyov
Keyword(s):  
Government Officials ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Points Of View

Mass riots of serfs in Right-bank Ukraine in the spring of 1855, known in historiography as the “Kyievan Kozachchyna”, is an important topic that should be careful researched, especially from a cultural and anthropological points of view. In this way it is possible to identify the deep motivation of the peasants’ actions and to explain the reaction of the landlords, clergy and government officials. An important source for the study of the “Kievan Kozachchyna” is the correspondence and diary notes of the Ukrainian public figure Hryhoriy Galagan (1819–1888) of this time. These texts contain not only his own views on the causes, course and consequences of the mass peasant riots in the Kyiv region in the spring of 1855, but also valuable eyewitness accounts of these events, from the governor-general to the ordinary peasant. Galagan’s narratives show a knot of contradictions between representatives of various strata of the agrarian society of the “pre-reform era”, such as the peasantry, landowners, officials and the clergy. Mutual alienation of these strata, lack of communication between them, being in different discursive fields led to the Kyiv Cossacks.

Education and Community Formation

2018 ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Jack Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Christian Education ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Tiered System ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Late Roman

This chapter studies Christian education in the post-Chalcedonian Middle East. It is unlikely that an attempt would be made to educate all young Christian boys—the need for child labor in an overwhelmingly agrarian society would have made such a goal difficult to achieve. In fact, it was perhaps only in the regions which surrounded certain especially strong monasteries that educating all boys was even an ideal. However, one should still recognize that the spread of Christianity in the Middle East and the post-Chalcedonian increase in educational efforts must have had a positive effect on literacy rates, even if those rates remained quite low. A two-tiered system seems to have been the most typical course that education took in the late Roman and early medieval Middle East. Indeed, some members of the clergy would receive more than just the basic education.

Reshaping Marketplaces

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-174
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
Early Islamic

Early Islamic marketplaces have been studied almost exclusively for their art historical and architectural values, by Maxime Rodinson in the preface of El señor del zoco en España, while their functioning and process of development have not yet been fully elucidated. It is also believed that marketplaces in early Islam functioned as their late antique predecessors, with apparently nothing bequeathed from pre-Islamic Arabia, where dedicated spaces for trade were extremely rare. This chapter considers what happened to urban marketplaces in the Near East after the Muslim conquests, to look at the fate of the late antique legacy under the new Arab masters—a people with contrasting indigenous commercial traditions—in the context of new power dynamics from 700 to 950. It explores the ways in which early medieval marketplaces differed from the late antique past, and the role they played in the agrarian society of early Islam.

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