scholarly journals Quantified Temporal Alethic Boulesic Doxastic Logic

Author(s):  
Daniel Rönnedal

Abstract The paper develops a set of quantified temporal alethic boulesic doxastic systems. Every system in this set consists of five parts: a ‘quantified’ part, a temporal part, a modal (alethic) part, a boulesic part and a doxastic part. There are no systems in the literature that combine all of these branches of logic. Hence, all systems in this paper are new. Every system is defined both semantically and proof-theoretically. The semantic apparatus consists of a kind of $$T \times W$$ T × W models, and the proof-theoretical apparatus of semantic tableaux. The ‘quantified part’ of the systems includes relational predicates and the identity symbol. The quantifiers are, in effect, a kind of possibilist quantifiers that vary over every object in the domain. The tableaux rules are classical. The alethic part contains two types of modal operators for absolute and historical necessity and possibility. According to ‘boulesic logic’ (the logic of the will), ‘willing’ (‘consenting’, ‘rejecting’, ‘indifference’ and ‘non-indifference’) is a kind of modal operator. Doxastic logic is the logic of beliefs; it treats ‘believing’ (and ‘conceiving’) as a kind of modal operator. I will explore some possible relationships between these different parts, and investigate some principles that include more than one type of logical expression. I will show that every tableau system in the paper is sound and complete with respect to its semantics. Finally, I consider an example of a valid argument and an example of an invalid sentence. I show how one can use semantic tableaux to establish validity and invalidity and read off countermodels. These examples illustrate the philosophical usefulness of the systems that are introduced in this paper.

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rönnedal

In this paper, I will develop a set of boulesic-doxastic tableau systems and prove that they are sound and complete. Boulesic-doxastic logic consists of two main parts: a boulesic part and a doxastic part. By ‘boulesic logic’ I mean ‘the logic of the will’, and by ‘doxastic logic’ I mean ‘the logic of belief’. The first part deals with ‘boulesic’ concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and theorems. I will concentrate on two types of boulesic expression: ‘individual x wants it to be the case that’ and ‘individual x accepts that it is the case that’. The second part deals with ‘doxastic’ concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and theorems. I will concentrate on two types of doxastic expression: ‘individual x believes that’ and ‘it is imaginable to individual x that’. Boulesic-doxastic logic investigates how these concepts are related to each other. Boulesic logic is a new kind of logic. Doxastic logic has been around for a while, but the approach to this branch of logic in this paper is new. Each system is combined with modal logic with two kinds of modal operators for historical and absolute necessity and predicate logic with necessary identity and ‘possibilist’ quantifiers. I use a kind of possible world semantics to describe the systems semantically. I also sketch out how our basic language can be extended with propositional quantifiers. All the systems developed in this paper are new.  


Author(s):  
Pilar López de Santa María

Freedom is the focus of the first of the writings included in The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics. The attention that Schopenhauer devotes to the subject does not stop here, however, since freedom appears recurrently in different parts of his system. It is linked to his theory of knowledge, metaphysics, aesthetics, and the denial of the will. This chapter follows that track and examines the presence in different contexts of Schopenhauerian thought of a freedom that is so undeniable as unexplainable. In this way will be shown Schopenhauer’s transition from the freedom of the voluntas to the freedom of noluntas [non-willing] and the state of great liberation that occurs because the will frees itself from itself. It is a transition that begins and ends at the same point: mystery


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Rafal Urbaniak

I illustrate with three classical examples the mistakes arising from using a modal operator admitting multiple interpretations in the same argument; the flaws arise especially easily if no attention is paid to the range of propositional variables. Premisses taken separately might seem convincing and a substitution for a propositional variable in a modal context might seem legitimate. But there is no single interpretation of the modal operators involved under which all the premisses are plausible and the substitution successful.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nino Guallart

Abstract In this work we examine some of the possibilities of combining a simple probability operator with other modal operators, in particular with a belief operator. We will examine the semantics of two possible situations for expressing probabilistic belief or the lack of it, a simple subjective probability operator (SPO) versus the composition of a belief operator, plus an objective modal operator (BOP). We will study their interpretations in two probabilistic semantics: a relational Kripkean one and a variation of neighbourhood semantics, showing that the latter is able to represent the lack of probabilistic belief more directly, just with the SPO, whereas relational semantics needs the combination of BOP probability to represent lack of belief.


1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351
Author(s):  
Edoardo Vitta

The characteristic function of private international law is to declare the law applying to cases containing a foreign element, by pointing out the general principles upon which all the legislation on the matter is based and developed. The function of such principles is to help to specify the law considered appropriate in individual cases. Private international law knows several such principles such as domicile, nationality, the will of the parties, the place where a contract is concluded or where an immovable is situated, etc.Conflict of personal laws is also based on connecting principles, although of a different character. The main connecting principle is the ethnic or religious association of the parties. Nationality or domicile of the parties, the two connecting principles on which the main systems of private international law are based, may not be resorted to in the conflict of personal laws. Nationality may be taken as a basis for deciding which is the most appropriate law to be applied to the relationships between nationals of different States, but not for deciding which law is to be applied to parties who, being members of different legal systems, are nevertheless all nationals of the same State. As to domicile, it may help to solve a similar problem arising between persons domiciled in different countries or between persons domiciled in different parts of the same country within which different territorial laws are in force; but it can serve no useful purpose in relation to nationals of the same State to whom different laws apply by reason of their ethnic or religious origin and who live scattered throughout the whole of the territory of the State.


Author(s):  
B.K Issabek ◽  
◽  
G.B. Kozgambayeva ◽  

The article contains the culture and life of the Kazakh diaspora living in the countries of near and far abroad, that is, in various countries of the political and economic structure. Due to the different policies pursued under the white and red empires, our compatriots. who were forced to leave their homeland today live in different parts of the world. Among them there are those who have moved due to social crises, by the will of fate, and there are also people who have made a choice on the issues of conscious learning, work, etc. The laws of moving representatives of the Kazakh diaspora to their homeland, providing them with social support, and acquiring citizenship of the Republic have been resolved Kazakhstan and others. Today there are Kazakh cultural centers abroad that unite the Kazakh diaspora on various issues. Kazakh cultural centers work in close contact with the World Association of Kazakhs and the Otandastar Foundation. Some of the works carried out in the unity of the Kazakh cultural society and association and the "Otandastar Foundation" in solving urgent problems of the Kazakh diaspora are presented in the article.


2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 405-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Chrisman

AbstractThe dominant route to nondescriptivist views of normative and evaluative language is through the expressivist idea that normative terms have distinctive expressive roles in conveying our attitudes. This paper explores an alternative route based on two ideas. First, a core normative term ‘ought’ is a modal operator; and second, modal operators play a distinctive nonrepresentational role in generating meanings for the statements in which they figure. I argue that this provides for an attractive alternative to expressivist forms of nondescriptivism about normative language. In the final section of the paper, I explore ways it might be extended to evaluative language.


2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Rachůnek ◽  
Dana Šalounová

AbstractBounded commutative residuated lattice ordered monoids (Rℓ-monoids) are a common generalization of, e.g., Heyting algebras and BL-algebras, i.e., algebras of intuitionistic logic and basic fuzzy logic, respectively. Modal operators (special cases of closure operators) on Heyting algebras were studied in [MacNAB, D. S.: Modal operators on Heyting algebras, Algebra Universalis 12 (1981), 5–29] and on MV-algebras in [HARLENDEROVÁ,M.—RACHŮNEK, J.: Modal operators on MV-algebras, Math. Bohem. 131 (2006), 39–48]. In the paper we generalize the notion of a modal operator for general bounded commutative Rℓ-monoids and investigate their properties also for certain derived algebras.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document