scholarly journals He who pays the piper calls the tune? Setting the stage for an informed discourse on third-party funding of academic business research

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Matthias Fink ◽  
Isabella Hatak ◽  
Markus Scholz ◽  
Simon Down
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Business Research ◽  
European Business ◽  
Party Funding

Abstract Third-party funding of academic research has grown rapidly in its scope and impact. However, several forces demand greater attention to potential opportunities, challenges and threats of third-party research funding. Adopting a historical approach rooted in Anglo-Saxon academia, we discuss what third-party research funding means for European business researchers, which opportunities and tensions arise, and how to best manage them in the interest of the diverse stakeholders of our field. Finally, we introduce the six papers in this special issue and how they move the conversation on third-party research funding forward. The evidence base provided here is composed of a rich blend of empirical data, reflections on personal experience and conclusions drawn from formal mathematical models. As a result, the collection of papers offers a kaleidoscope of the state-of-the-art of research on third-party funding of academic business research in Europe. The insights emerging from these six papers collapse into a clear overall picture with each paper contributing a distinct jigsaw piece, a picture we present and discuss in this paper.

scholarly journals Quality of research as source and signal: revisiting the valorization process beyond substitution vs complementarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bonaccorsi ◽  
Brigida Blasi ◽  
Carmela Anna Nappi ◽  
Sandra Romagnosi
Keyword(s):  
Research Funding ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
Research Activities

AbstractIn recent years, the growing interest of universities in valorization of research activities (tipically through technology transfer—patenting and licensing—and academic entrepreneurship) has generated a debate on its impact on scientific knowledge production. There have been controversies on the potentially negative effect of university research valorization on public research, in terms of quality, long term vs short term orientation, and accessibility. The debate has been traditionally framed in terms of substitution vs complementarity between public research and valorization. In this paper we argue that the key to understand the relation between public research and valorization lies in the role of research funding, particularly: (a) competitive public research funding; (b) third party commercial funding. If the funding system (both public and private) takes the value of academic research as signal of quality, then high quality researchers are able to attract extra-funds beyond ordinary endowment. In turn, these additional funds can be used as a source to organize an effective and long-term division of labor in laboratories in order to support inventions and licensing (patents) and entrepreneurial activities (spin-off companies). In this case academic quality and commercialization are strong complement and positive feedback loops are generated. This interpretation on the role of funding is strongly supported by original data from the Italian Evaluation of Research Quality VQR 2011–2014 dataset. The paper is based on a unique and novel dataset, that integrates data on valorization of research activities at individual and institutional level on all the Italian universities and microdata on research quality on 32,616 researchers in STEM disciplines.

scholarly journals Multiple-party funding: tensions and related consequences for academic research in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-445
Author(s):  
Karin Link ◽  
Barbara Müller
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Funded Research ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
Party Funding ◽  
The University

Abstract European universities are experiencing increasing financial pressures. Given that governmental budgets are cut, they have to additionally rely on further sources of funding. Multi-party funding, however, is not easily managed and poses serious challenges on academic research. This study explores the question “What tensions result from multiple-party funding, what are possible consequences of the different funding strategies and—transferring the findings to the university context—how can universities establish and manage multiple-party funded research?” We conducted a qualitative single case study in a non-university research center (NRC). NRC has gone through the process of increasing financial pressure and now relies on multiple sources of financing that have to be managed concurrently. Our results discuss opportunities and threats and reveal core tensions related to multiple-party funding activities. Adopting a paradox lens allows us to transfer the insights from this case to the university context. We systematically discuss consequences for universities and academic research and suggest approaches of actively managing tensions via strategies of accepting, differentiating and integrating. We thereby contribute to the discussion how to establish and manage third-party funded research for European universities.

scholarly journals The Third-Party Funding in Arbitration: A Challenge in Times of Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maria João Mimoso ◽  
Joana Lourenço Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Party Funding ◽  
Financial Result

Arbitration as a way of resolving disputes between companies is essentially linked to the advantages of arbitration, especially with the speed and neutrality of arbitration, as well as the confidentiality, the possibility of choosing arbitrators with precise technical knowledge in the area of litigation, among others. The parties choose arbitration as a means of resolving disputes, relating to interests of an equity nature, bearing in mind that for some legislators the emphasis is on the availability of rights, arising from the contractual relationship that unites them. The payment of costs is a sine qua non condition for the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. The parties must proceed with the payment of taxes and fees, respectively to the arbitration center they have chosen and the arbitrators they have chosen. Considering that the economic situation of the companies may fluctuate, either during the execution of the main contract, or when the dispute arises, the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and during the procedural iter, the possibility of financing the arbitration was outlined. Third-Party Funding is a figure that involves a third-party, unrelated to the litigation, who will defray the expenses due by one of the parties to the arbitration. It will have as a counterpart the participation in the eventual financial result achieved through the success of the arbitration. As a methodology, in addition to analyzing the state of the art, we will indicate real cases and the reasons for the growth of this instrument, without forgetting the ethical issues involved.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

The Power-geometry of Food Business Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
User Engagement ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Business Research ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Variable Power ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Funding Environment ◽  
Power Geometry

In a funding environment where commercial collaboration and “user engagement” are increasingly encouraged, this paper explores the ethical, political, and methodological challenges of various forms of partnership between academic researchers and food businesses. Drawing on two recently completed projects, the paper assesses the variable “power-geometry” of such partnerships, including the process of negotiating access, securing informed consent, and conducting and disseminating the research. The paper distinguishes between publicly funded academic research, where independence is more easily maintained, and market research and consultancy, where conflicts of interest are more likely to arise. Commercial collaboration is academically valuable in providing access to data and insights that are not publicly available, but can be treacherous if researchers are unaware of the uneven power-geometry of such partnerships.

scholarly journals A Dataset of Photos and Videos for Digital Forensics Analysis Using Machine Learning Processing

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Sara Ferreira ◽  
Mário Antunes ◽  
Manuel E. Correia
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Digital Forensics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
Digital Forensic ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Forensic Tools

Deepfake and manipulated digital photos and videos are being increasingly used in a myriad of cybercrimes. Ransomware, the dissemination of fake news, and digital kidnapping-related crimes are the most recurrent, in which tampered multimedia content has been the primordial disseminating vehicle. Digital forensic analysis tools are being widely used by criminal investigations to automate the identification of digital evidence in seized electronic equipment. The number of files to be processed and the complexity of the crimes under analysis have highlighted the need to employ efficient digital forensics techniques grounded on state-of-the-art technologies. Machine Learning (ML) researchers have been challenged to apply techniques and methods to improve the automatic detection of manipulated multimedia content. However, the implementation of such methods have not yet been massively incorporated into digital forensic tools, mostly due to the lack of realistic and well-structured datasets of photos and videos. The diversity and richness of the datasets are crucial to benchmark the ML models and to evaluate their appropriateness to be applied in real-world digital forensics applications. An example is the development of third-party modules for the widely used Autopsy digital forensic application. This paper presents a dataset obtained by extracting a set of simple features from genuine and manipulated photos and videos, which are part of state-of-the-art existing datasets. The resulting dataset is balanced, and each entry comprises a label and a vector of numeric values corresponding to the features extracted through a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The dataset is available in a GitHub repository, and the total amount of photos and video frames is 40,588 and 12,400, respectively. The dataset was validated and benchmarked with deep learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) methods; however, a plethora of other existing ones can be applied. Generically, the results show a better F1-score for CNN when comparing with SVM, both for photos and videos processing. CNN achieved an F1-score of 0.9968 and 0.8415 for photos and videos, respectively. Regarding SVM, the results obtained with 5-fold cross-validation are 0.9953 and 0.7955, respectively, for photos and videos processing. A set of methods written in Python is available for the researchers, namely to preprocess and extract the features from the original photos and videos files and to build the training and testing sets. Additional methods are also available to convert the original PKL files into CSV and TXT, which gives more flexibility for the ML researchers to use the dataset on existing ML frameworks and tools.

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