scholarly journals Role-Playing Computer Ethics: Designing and Evaluating the Privacy by Design (PbD) Simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 2911-2926
Author(s):  
Katie Shilton ◽  
Donal Heidenblad ◽  
Adam Porter ◽  
Susan Winter ◽  
Mary Kendig
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Computer Ethics ◽  
Defining Issues Test ◽  
Board Game ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Privacy By Design ◽  
Technical Work ◽  
Online Simulation

AbstractThere is growing consensus that teaching computer ethics is important, but there is little consensus on how to do so. One unmet challenge is increasing the capacity of computing students to make decisions about the ethical challenges embedded in their technical work. This paper reports on the design, testing, and evaluation of an educational simulation to meet this challenge. The privacy by design simulation enables more relevant and effective computer ethics education by letting students experience and make decisions about common ethical challenges encountered in real-world work environments. This paper describes the process of incorporating empirical observations of ethical questions in computing into an online simulation and an in-person board game. We employed the Values at Play framework to transform empirical observations of design into a playable educational experience. First, we conducted qualitative research to discover when and how values levers—practices that encourage values discussions during technology development—occur during the design of new mobile applications. We then translated these findings into gameplay elements, including the goals, roles, and elements of surprise incorporated into a simulation. We ran the online simulation in five undergraduate computer and information science classes. Based on this experience, we created a more accessible board game, which we tested in two undergraduate classes and two professional workshops. We evaluated the effectiveness of both the online simulation and the board game using two methods: a pre/post-test of moral sensitivity based on the Defining Issues Test, and a questionnaire evaluating student experience. We found that converting real-world ethical challenges into a playable simulation increased student’s reported interest in ethical issues in technology, and that students identified the role-playing activity as relevant to their technical coursework. This demonstrates that roleplaying can emphasize ethical decision-making as a relevant component of technical work.

Ethical Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. DuBois ◽  
Beth Prusaczyk
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation Research ◽  
Research Regulations ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Context Specific

This chapter focuses primarily on the protection of human participants in D&I studies. It begins by reviewing the Belmont principles that undergird US research regulations and considering the ethical case for D&I research. It then proceeds to examine some ethical issues that might arise during the course of a public health, D&I research agenda in middle schools. It covers the ethical case for D&I research and common ethical challenges. The chapter also discusses strategies for ethical decision-making. While these strategies may be beneficial to all researchers, the authors believe they are of particular value to dissemination and implementation researchers because the nature of their work—context specific, complex, and unfamiliar to many peers, collaborators, and reviewers—means they will deal with uncertainty and conflict on a regular basis, and solutions to the problems they face will rarely be found through simple reference principles, rules, or regulations.

scholarly journals Ethical considerations at the end-of-life care

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110009
Author(s):  
Melahat Akdeniz ◽  
Bülent Yardımcı ◽  
Ethem Kavukcu
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Artificial Nutrition ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Physician Assisted Suicide

The goal of end-of-life care for dying patients is to prevent or relieve suffering as much as possible while respecting the patients’ desires. However, physicians face many ethical challenges in end-of-life care. Since the decisions to be made may concern patients’ family members and society as well as the patients, it is important to protect the rights, dignity, and vigor of all parties involved in the clinical ethical decision-making process. Understanding the principles underlying biomedical ethics is important for physicians to solve the problems they face in end-of-life care. The main situations that create ethical difficulties for healthcare professionals are the decisions regarding resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition and hydration, terminal sedation, withholding and withdrawing treatments, euthanasia, and physician-assisted suicide. Five ethical principles guide healthcare professionals in the management of these situations.

scholarly journals How ethical challenges of covert observations can be met in practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 174701612110082
Author(s):  
Nicole Podschuweit
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Ethical Debate ◽  
The People ◽  
Almost All

This paper aims to bring into the ethical debate on covert research two aspects that are neglected to date: the perspective of the research subjects and the special responsibility of investigators towards their observers. Both aspects are falling behind, especially in quantitative social research. From a methodological point of view, quantitative forms of covert observation involve a great distance between the researcher and the research subjects. When human observers are involved, the focus is usually on the reliable application of the measuring instrument. Therefore, herein, a quantitative study is used as an example to show how the protection needs of both the observed persons and the observers can be met in practice. The study involved 40 student observers who covertly captured everyday conversations in real-world settings (e.g. in cafés or trains) by a highly standardised observation scheme. The study suggests that the anonymity of the research subjects and their trust in the observers are crucial for their subsequent consent. However, many participants showed only little or even no interest in the written information they were provided. Further, this study strongly emphasises how mentally stressful covert observations are to the observers. Almost all observers were worried in advance that the people they were observing would prematurely blow their cover and confront them. Role-playing and in-depth discussions in teams are good strategies to alleviate such and other fears and to prepare student assistants well for their demanding work in the field.

scholarly journals Examining Disclosure Risk and Data Utility: An Administrative Data Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Michael Comerford
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Real World ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Data Utility ◽  
Disclosure Risk ◽  
Individual Privacy

The plethora of new data sources, combined with a growing interest in increased access to previously unpublished data, poses a set of ethical challenges regarding individual privacy. This paper sets out one aspect of those challenges: the need to anonymise data in such a form that protects the privacy of individuals while providing sufficient data utility for data users. This issue is discussed using a case study of Scottish Government’s administrative data, in which disclosure risk is examined and data utility is assessed using a potential ‘real-world’ analysis.

Military health outreach on Exercise ASKARI SERPENT: a discussion of clinical and ethical challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke John Turner ◽  
D Wilkins ◽  
J I J A Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Military Health ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Four Quadrant ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Universal Nature

Exercise ASKARI SERPENT (Ex AS) is an annual British Army medical exercise that sees the deployment of a medical regiment to rural Kenya. The exercise involves the delivery of health outreach clinics and health education to the civilian population alongside Kenyan governmental and non-governmental organisations. This article includes a post hoc analysis of the ethical and clinical challenges that clinicians faced during Ex AS, applying a four-quadrant approach to ethical decision-making. This article intends to stimulate further debate and discussion on how to best prepare clinicians for clinical challenges and ethical decision-making on future exercises and operations. We conclude that our experiences on Ex AS can provide an insight on how to develop predeployment training for clinicians. Furthermore, the universal nature of the challenges faced on Ex AS can be applied to training for future contingency operations.

Reward Dominance in Tax-Reporting Experiments: The Role of Context

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha L. Wartick ◽  
Silvia A. Madeo ◽  
Cynthia C. Vines
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Real World ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
The Impact

During the past decade, the experimental economics method increasingly has been used to study the impact of tax policy on taxpayer behavior. Experimental economics in taxation typically tests tax applications of expected utility and psychological theory by creating a real microeconomy in the laboratory. A key requirement is strict control over the parameters of the experimental setting and subject preferences. One generally accepted procedure to achieve experimental control is to avoid references to real-world phenomena in instructions to subjects. The reasoning underlying this procedure is that if subjects associate the experiment with real-world phenomena, they may make decisions based on values associated with the real-world context instead of the rewards and penalties of the microeconomy. Despite this, several recent tax-reporting experiments that otherwise conform to the experimental economics method have used explicit tax terminology. In discussing the results of these experiments, the authors and commentators stated that the results probably were not affected by the tax context. We conducted an experiment to further examine whether the results of a tax-reporting experiment were affected by context. We found that subjects reported significantly more income when the context of the experiment was tax than when the context was nontax. This effect differed, however, depending on the age of the subjects. While subjects 25 years of age and older reported approximately twice as much income in the tax context as they did in the nontax context, subjects under 25 reported only slightly more in the tax context than in the nontax context. These results provide evidence that role playing based on individual subject characteristics occurred when contextual cues were provided.

Ethical issues in social marketing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Eagle ◽  
Stephan Dahl ◽  
David Low
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Frameworks

Many social marketers assume that because they are focusing on positive behaviour change they may expect fewer ethical issues arising from their work than conventional, commercial marketing. However, such a view is sadly too simplistic. This chapter focuses on the ethical issues facing social marketing. It argues that social marketers face an even greater potential for ethical issues and gives examples of these by focusing on targeting, stigmatization, victim blaming, coercion, and the use of financial incentives, among others. Recognizing the manifold potential for ethical challenges, and the lack of a decisive manner in which to resolve them easily, it then discusses ethical frameworks which can aid social marketers in formulating a response to potential issues and arriving at a considered decision. The chapter concludes by discussing the potential role of a professional code of ethics, and how this can aid future ethical decision-making.

Learning computer ethics and social responsibility with tabletop role-playing games

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Zdravkova
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Engineering Ethics ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Computer Ethics ◽  
Asynchronous Learning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Professional Integration ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Ethics Courses

Purpose – Tabletop online role-playing games enable active learning appropriate for different ages and learner capabilities. They have also been implemented in computer and engineering ethics courses. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the experience of implementing role-playing in several courses embedded in Web 2.0 environment, with an intention to confront complex and sometimes mutually conflicting concepts, and integrate them into a whole. Findings – Typical examples introducing two basic scenarios representing individual and collaborative learning scripts are presented together with the detailed analysis how the games were performed, the effort to participate in, and to maintain them. Particular attention is paid to student feedback. Originality/value – The paper concludes with the basic findings of the effects of role-playing in current learning computer ethics and social responsibilities courses, and recommendations for future implementation of similar asynchronous learning online activities in order to increase their academic value and prepare students for their forthcoming professional integration.

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