Effect of process parameters on ferrite number in cladding of 317L stainless steel by pulsed MIG welding

Serious heat accumulation limits the further efficiency and application in additive manufacturing (AM). This study accordingly proposed a double-wire SS316L stainless steel arc AM with a two-direction auxiliary gas process to research the effect of three parameters, such as auxiliary gas nozzle angle, auxiliary gas flow rate and nozzle-to-substrate distance on depositions, then based on the Box–Behnken Design response surface, a regression equation between three parameters and the total score were established to optimized parameters by an evaluation system. The results showed that samples with nozzle angle of 30° had poor morphology but good properties, and increasing gas flow or decreasing distance would enhance the airflow strength and stiffness, then strongly stir the molten pool and resist the interference. Then a diverse combination of auxiliary process parameters had different influences on the morphology and properties, and an interactive effect on the comprehensive score. Ultimately the optimal auxiliary gas process parameters were 17.4°, 25 L/min and 10.44 mm, which not only bettered the morphology, but refined the grains and improved the properties due to the stirring and cooling effect of the auxiliary gas, which provides a feasible way for quality and efficiency improvements in arc additive manufacturing.

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Analysis of the Process Parameter Influence in Laser Cladding of 316L Stainless Steel

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ◽

10.3390/jmmp2030055 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Piera Alvarez ◽

M. Montealegre ◽

Jose Pulido-Jiménez ◽

Jon Arrizubieta

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Laser Cladding ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Cross Sections ◽

316L Stainless Steel ◽

Deposition Process ◽

Process Parameter ◽

Optimum Process ◽

Processing Times ◽

Manufacturing Technologies

Laser Cladding is one of the leading processes within Additive Manufacturing technologies, which has concentrated a considerable amount of effort on its development. In regard to the latter, the current study aims to summarize the influence of the most relevant process parameters in the laser cladding processing of single and compound volumes (solid forms) made from AISI 316L stainless steel powders and using a coaxial nozzle for their deposition. Process speed, applied laser power and powder flow are considered to be the main variables affecting the laser cladding in single clads, whereas overlap percentage and overlapping strategy also become relevant when dealing with multiple clads. By setting appropriate values for each process parameter, the main goal of this paper is to develop a processing window in which a good metallurgical bond between the delivered powder and the substrate is obtained, trying simultaneously to maintain processing times at their lowest value possible. Conventional metallography techniques were performed on the cross sections of the laser tracks to measure the effective dimensions of clads, height and width, as well as the resulting dilution value. Besides the influence of the overlap between contiguous clads and layers, physical defects such as porosity and cracks were also evaluated. Optimum process parameters to maximize productivity were defined as 13 mm/s, 2500 W, 30% of overlap and a 25 g/min powder feed rate.

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On the Role of Process Parameters on Meltpool Temperature and Tensile Properties of Stainless Steel 316L Produced by Powder Bed Fusion

Journal of Materials Research and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.04.043 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahyar Khorasani ◽

Amir Hossein Ghasemi ◽

Umar Shafique Awan ◽

Sarat Singamneni ◽

Guy Littlefair ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Powder Bed Fusion ◽

Stainless Steel 316L ◽

Powder Bed

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Effects of process parameters, debinding and sintering on the microstructure of 316L stainless steel produced by binder jetting

Materials Science and Engineering A ◽

10.1016/j.msea.2021.142108 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 142108

Author(s):

Nora Lecis ◽

Marco Mariani ◽

Ruben Beltrami ◽

Lorena Emanuelli ◽

Riccardo Casati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Process Parameters ◽

316L Stainless Steel ◽

Binder Jetting

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Springback law of high-strength 21-6-9 stainless steel tube in numerical control bending under different process parameters

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture ◽

10.1177/0954405415607781 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 231 (10) ◽

pp. 1783-1792 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Fang ◽

Shiqiang Lu ◽

Kelu Wang ◽

Zhengjun Yao

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Cross Section ◽

Process Parameters ◽

High Strength ◽

Steel Tube ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Stainless Steel Tube ◽

Outer Diameter ◽

The Cross

In order to achieve the precision bending deformation, the effects of process parameters on springback behaviors should be clarified preliminarily. Taking the 21-6-9 high-strength stainless steel tube of 15.88 mm × 0.84 mm (outer diameter × wall thickness) as the objective, the multi-parameter sensitivity analysis and three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation are conducted to address the effects of process parameters on the springback behaviors in 21-6-9 high-strength stainless steel tube numerical control bending. The results show that (1) springback increases with the increasing of the clearance between tube and mandrel Cm, the friction coefficient between tube and mandrel fm, the friction coefficient between tube and bending die fb, or with the decreasing of the mandrel extension length e, while the springback first increases and then remains unchanged with the increasing of the clearance between tube and bending die Cb. (2) The sensitivity of springback radius to process parameters is larger than that of springback angle. And the sensitivity of springback to process parameters from high to low are e, Cb, Cm, fb and fm. (3) The variation rules of the cross section deformation after springback with different Cm, Cb, fm, fb and e are similar to that before springback. But under same process parameters, the relative difference of the most measurement section is more than 20% and some even more than 70% before and after springback, and a platform deforming characteristics of the cross section deformation is shown after springback.

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Development of Mathematical Models for Prediction of Weld Bead Geometry of GTAW Stainless Steel

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.867.88 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 867 ◽

pp. 88-96

Author(s):

S.M. Ravikumar ◽

P. Vijian

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Welding Current ◽

Weld Bead ◽

304 Stainless Steel ◽

Graphical Form ◽

Bead Geometry ◽

Depth Of Penetration ◽

Weld Bead Geometry ◽

Bead Width

Welding input process parameters are playing a very significant role in determining the weld bead quality. The quality of the joint can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Experiments were conducted to develop models, using a three factor, five level factorial design for 304 stainless steel as base plate with ER 308L filler wire of 1.6 mm diameter. The purpose of this study is to develop the mathematical model and compare the observed output values with predicted output values. Welding current, welding speed and nozzle to plate distance were chosen as input parameters, while depth of penetration, weld bead width, reinforcement and dilution as output parameters. The models developed have been checked for their adequacy. Confirmation experiments were also conducted and the results show that the models developed can predict the bead geometries and dilution with reasonable accuracy. The direct and interaction effect of the process parameters on bead geometry are presented in graphical form.

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