scholarly journals The supply of the public lacus of Pompeii, estimated from the discharge of their overflow channels

Water History ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Monteleone ◽  
Martin Crapper ◽  
Davide Motta
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Entire Cross Section ◽  
The Public ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Section Profile ◽  
The Town ◽  
Overflow Channel

AbstractThe term lacus generally identified the public fountains in the main streets of ancient Roman towns, providing for the population daily water demand. The simplest lacus consisted of a stone basin and a spout stone, concealing one or two supply pipes. 35 street fountains of this type have been surveyed in Pompeii, to gather information on their supply and its variation in time. A new method was devised for calculating the discharge through the overflow channel of each lacus, and this value was taken as an estimate of the water supplied to each fountain. The overflow channel internal cross-section width was measured at four elevations, and the cross-section profile was reconstructed based on these data. Three water levels of 1 cm, half of the cross-section height and entire cross section height, were considered at each channel’s inlet, obtaining a corresponding channel discharge. The values obtained, ranging from 0.03 to 2.9 l/s, were checked against the trajectory of the fountain water jet, making sure that it remained within the basin length. For 28 fountains the average discharge was found to be 0.08 l/s when the water was at the lowest level, 0.43 l/s for the intermediate level and 1.18 l/s for a full inlet. The average time of residence of the water, in the lacus draw basin, was estimated between 11 min and 3 h. An estimate of the demand of all the town lacus was compared with the capacity of the aqueduct channel entering at Porta Vesuvio: the town lacus could have been supplied contemporaneously at the minimum and intermediate discharges.

On the Cross-Section Structure of the Mitochondrial Cristae-Membrane as Revealed by X-Ray Diffraction

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 612-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Müller-Klieser ◽  
W Kreutz
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Cross Section Profile ◽  
Section Structure ◽  
Q Function

Abstract Mitochondria were isolated using sorbitol and high buffer concentration in the medium. X-ray diffraction patterns arising from the mitochondrial cristae-membrane were recorded in the fully dried state and in two different states in humidity. The Q-function evaluation of these X-ray dif­fraction diagrams resulted in electron density cross-section profiles, which consist of two main peaks of opposite sign and one, respectively two, smaller peaks. The total thickness of the membrane amounts to 120 Å in the dry and 140 Å to 160 Å in the wet state.An interpretation of the cross-section profile is tentatively proposed.

scholarly journals On adequacy of parameters of strip cross-section profile. Part 2. Local thickenings and thinnings

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
S. M. Bel’skii ◽  
I. I. Shopin ◽  
A. N. Shkarin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Rolled Strip ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Zero Level ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Section Profile

At present, the cross-section profile of the rolled strip is characterized by geometrical parameters such as wedge, convex, difference of thickness, displacement of convex, and edge wedge. Some of these parameters are redundant. Techniques for calculating the values of these parameters are known and generally accepted. However, there are features of the cross-section profile of rolled strips, such as local thickenings/thinnings, the methods of calculating values of which are not common: practically every scientific school of rolling scientists or specialists of rolling production use their own techniques, which often produce different results for the same cross-section profiles. The problem of identifying and calculating the local thickenings/ thinnings parameters of the rolled strips cross-section profile is to define a so-called “zero level”, the excess/understatement of which is a sign of local thickenings/thinnings. The paper continues to analyze the accuracy and adequacy of the calculation of the cross-section profile parameters of rolled strips for local thickenings/thinnings. A new method based on statistical methods is proposed. The target function that the thickness distribution across the width of the rolled strip must correspond to is a symmetrical quadratic parabola. However, the actual distribution is always different from the target one for a number of reasons, such as ring wear of the work rolls. In the first step, in the proposed technique, the Walter-Shuhart procedure (control cards) eliminates as emissions of strip thickness values that are dramatically different from the target distribution. But since without excluding the nonlinear (parabolic) component of the measured cross-section profile this procedure cannot be applied, it applies to the first derivative of the cross- section profile thickness distribution function. To determine the “zero level,” after calculating the upper and lower limits of the allowed values of the first derivative, all thicknesses associated with these emissions were eliminated. The result of the repetitive process is a “zero level” according to which the local thickening/thinning parameters are calculated.

scholarly journals FINDING THE LINEAR DEPENDENCE OF THE CROSS-SECTION PROFILE FOR A UNIFORM FEEDING OF BREAD MATERIAL IN THE THRESHING PROCESS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.R. Antypas ◽  
◽  
T.P. Savostina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Reliability Optimization ◽  
Profile Line ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Section Profile ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The use of advanced methods and technologies of threshing and separation allows you to predict and minimize losses. The results of reliability optimization of the cross-section profile of the transporting device and its influence on threshing and separation have not yet been studied. To solve this problem, the article modeled a mathematical numerical model that allows you to describe the function of the cut profile line in a General way. The mathematical model is solved using experimental data.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF LASER BEAM PROFILE ON LIGHT SCATTERING BY HUMAN SKIN DURING PHOTOMETRY BY ELLIPSOIDAL REFLECTORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Bezuglyi ◽  
N. V. Bezuglaya ◽  
S. Kostuk
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Beam Profile ◽  
Laser Beam Profile ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
Cross Section Profile

The correct accounting of laser emitter parameters for improvement of diagnostic authenticity of methods of optical biomedical diagnostic is important problem for applied biophotonic tasks. The purpose of the current research is estimation of influence of energy distribution profile in transversal section of laser beam on light scattering by human skin layers at photometry by ellipsoidal reflectors.Biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors for investigation of biological tissue specimens in transmitted and reflected light uses laser probing radiation with infinitely thin, Gauss-type and uniform cross-section profile. Distribution of beams with denoted profiles, which consist of 20 million photons with wavelength 632.8 nm, was modeled by using of Monte-Carlo simulation in human skin layers (corneous layer, epidermis, derma and adipose tissue) of various anatomic thickness and with ellipsoidal reflectors with focal parameter equal to 16.875 mm and eccentricity of 0.66.The modeling results represent that illuminance distribution in zones of photometric imaging is significantly influenced by the laser beam cross-section profile for various thickness of corneous layer and epidermis in transmitted and reflected light, and also derma in reflected light. Illuminance distribution for adipose tissue in reflected and transmitted light, and also derma in transmitted light, practically do not depend of laser beam profile for anatomic thicknesses, which are appropriate for human skin on various sections of body.There are represented results of modified Monte-Carlo simulation method for biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors during biometry of human skin layers. For highly scattered corneous layer and epidermis the illumination of middle and external rings of photometric images changes depending from the laser beam profile for more than 50 % in transmitted and 30 % in reflected light. For weakly scattering skin layers (derma and adipose layer) the influence of profile can be observed only for derma in reflected layer and is equal not more than 15 %. 

scholarly journals Fusion17 summary talk: windsurfing on a cross section profile

2017 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 00067
Author(s):  
Dieter Ackermann ◽  
Lorenzo Corradi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
Cross Section Profile ◽  
Summary Talk

Optimization of cold formed steel cross section profile for timber upgrading

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. González-Bravo ◽  
J. Claver ◽  
R. Alvarez ◽  
R. Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
Cross Section Profile

Theoretical and Experimental Vibration Analyses of Trapezoidal and Sinusoidal Corrugated Plates

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adil Yucel ◽  
Alaeddin Arpaci
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
Corrugated Plates ◽  
Cross Section Profile ◽  
Manufacturing Parameters ◽  
Theoretical Results

In this study, dynamic behaviour of trapezoidal and sinusoidal corrugated plates which are widely used in the fields of space, aviation, automotive, construction and shipbuilding have been analyzed. 330 different surface models varying according to corrugation height and number have been created for these plates which have various manufacturing parameters. At this stage, the number of analyses is 660. These models have been analyzed for different boundary conditions and modal analyses to obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes have been conducted using finite element method. In addition, changes in the trapezoidal cross-section profile have also been investigated by analyzing 38 different plates with varying cross-section profiles. Examining these results, the effects of corrugation height and number on natural frequencies and mode shapes have been determined. As a result of the study a total of 368 drawings were prepared and 736 analyses were performed. Besides, the theoretical results have been verified using the experimental modal analysis technique for some selected models which are being manufactured in the market.

scholarly journals LAVA DOME CHANGES DETECTION AT AGUNG MOUNTAIN DURING HIGH LEVEL OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY USING UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W13 ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Andaru ◽  
J.-Y. Rau
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Lava Dome ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Section Profile ◽  
Changes Detection ◽  
Uav Images ◽  
Cross Section Profile ◽  
High Level

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Lava dome changes detection during increasingly high volcanic activity are essential for hazard assessment purposes. However, it is challenging to conduct direct field measurement due to safety reason. Here, we investigate the lava dome changes of Mount Agung in Indonesia during the highest level of volcanic activity. On 22 September 2017, the rumbling and seismic activity in this volcano started increasing to the highest level for a period of time. We afterwards collected image data at lava dome area by using UAV over this time period. To accomplish the goal of change detection, we assembled and developed a fixed-wing UAV platform, i.e. Buffalo FX-79 to acquire images of Mount Agung whose elevation is roughly 3,142&amp;thinsp;m above sea level. We acquired the UAV images on two dates, i.e. Oct 19 and Oct 21 of 2017. Due to an exclusion zone surround the volcano, we could only operate the UAV at 20&amp;thinsp;km distance from the crater. With these data set, we produced three-dimensional point clouds, high-resolution Digital Elevation Model and orthophoto by using Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi View Stereo (SfM-MVS) technique with Photoscan Pro software. From orthophoto data, we found two fluid areas at the crater's surface in NE direction (4,375.9&amp;thinsp;sq-m) and SE direction (3,749.8&amp;thinsp;sq-m). We also detected a fumarole which emitted steam and gases in the eastern part that continued for several days. In order to reveal the changes in lava dome surface, we used DEM to create cross-section profile. After that, we applied cloud to cloud comparison (C2C) algorithm to calculate the difference of lava dome based on two data set of point clouds and compared it with interferometric result from Sentinel-1A data. The data from the Sentinel-1A satellite (15 Oct &amp;ndash; 27 Oct 2017) were processed to obtain the interferogram image of Mount Agung. This research therefore demonstrates a potential method to detect lava dome changes during high level of volcanic activity with photogrammetric methods by using UAV images. Within only two days the data were successfully acquired. From the DEM data and cross-section profile between two data set, we noticed that no significant surface change was found around the lava dome surface. Moreover, we also found that there was no significant lava dome changes and vertical displacement during these two time periods as the point cloud comparison and distance result. The average of difference distance is 2.27&amp;thinsp;cm with a maximal and minimal displacement of 255&amp;thinsp;cm and 0.37&amp;thinsp;cm respectively. This result was then validated by using InSAR Sentinel that showed small displacement, i.e 6.88&amp;thinsp;cm. It indicated that UAV photogrammetry showed a good performance to detect surface changes in centimeter fraction.</p>

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