scholarly journals Evaluation of the merit of the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata to supplement anti-snake venom in reversing secondary hemostatic abnormalities induced by Naja naja venom

3 Biotech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshatha Ganesh Nayak ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Smita Shenoy ◽  
Maya Roche
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Thrombin Time ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Naja Naja ◽  
Prolonged Aptt ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests a sizable involvement of hemotoxins in the morbidity associated with envenomation by the Indian spectacled cobra, Naja naja (N.N). This study investigates the ability of Indian polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) and their combination in reversing the hemostatic abnormalities, viz. activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT), prothrombin time(PT) and thrombin time(TT) in citrated plasma. These parameters were assessed in 2 groups of experiments. Group 1: Without the prior incubation of plasma with venom and Group 2: With prior incubation of plasma with venom for 90 min at 37°C. Venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (175%), PT (49%) and TT (34%) in Group 1 and ASV could completely bring them back to normal. MAP showed a concentration-dependent reversal in aPTT, normalization of PT and prolongation of TT. When low concentration of ASV was supplemented with MAP, their combined effect in normalizing aPTT and PT improved by 37% and 26% respectively when compared to ASV alone. In Group 2, venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (231%), PT (312%) and TT (245%). ASV had limited effect in reversing aPTT (52%), TT (31%) but completely normalized PT. MAP was marginally effective in reversing the prolonged aPTT and PT but caused further prolongation of TT. Combination of ASV and MAP was more effective than ASV alone in reversing venom-induced increase in aPTT (52%) and PT (29%). The study proved that, a drastic reduction of ASV by 70%, could be effectively supplemented by MAP in combating hemostatic abnormalities induced by NN venom.

scholarly journals Anti-snake venom and methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata: a multipronged strategy to neutralize Naja naja venom acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase

3 Biotech ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshatha Ganesh Nayak ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Smita Shenoy ◽  
Maya Roche
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Naja Naja ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Hyaluronidase Activity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 2

AbstractThe study investigates the ability of methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) to supplement polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV) in inhibiting neurotoxic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ‘spreading factor’ hyaluronidase from Naja naja (N.N) venom. AChE and hyaluronidase activity were measured in 100 or 200 µg of crude venom, respectively, and designated as ‘control’. In Test Group I, enzyme assays were performed immediately after the addition of ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP to the venom. Inhibition of AChE by ASV (100–367 µg) was 12–17%, and of hyaluronidase (22–660 µg) was 33–41%. Under the same conditions, MAP (100–400 µg) inhibited AChE and hyaluronidase to the extent of 17–33% and 17–52%, respectively. When ASV (220 µg) and MAP (100–200 µg) were added together, AChE and hyaluronidase were inhibited to a greater extent from 39–63 to 36–44%, than when either of them was used alone. In Test Group 2, the venom was incubated with ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP for 10–30 min at 37 °C prior to the assay which enhanced AChE inhibition by 6%, 82% and 18% respectively, when compared to Test Group I. Though there was no change in inhibition of hyaluronidase in the presence of ASV, MAP could further increase the extent of inhibition by 27% and ASV + MAP upto 4%. In Test Group III, venom and substrate were incubated for 90 min and hyaluronidase activity was measured after the addition of inhibitors. Here, ASV + MAP caused increased inhibition by 69% compared to ASV alone. The study confirms the ability of phytochemicals in MAP to contribute to a multipronged strategy by supplementing, thereby augmenting the efficacy of ASV.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Effects of Ethanolic Tamarindus Indica Seed Extract on Snake Venom

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Nur Farhana Azmi ◽  
Khin Maung Maung ◽  
Pakeer Oothuman
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Snakebite has been categorised as a ‘neglected tropical disease’ by WHO in 2009 and it affects mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia. The standard treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom medication which can be very expensive, not readily available and specific against a snake species. This study was conducted to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) and its in-vitro effects on snake venom of three snake species; namely Daboia russelli, Naja kaouthia and Ophiophagus hannah. Materials and method: Ethanolic Soxhlet extract of TSE was used. Phytochemical screening analysing for saponins, alkaloids, flavanoids, anthraquinone derivatives, arthraquinone glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, sterol and volatile oils were carried out. In-vitro enzymatic inhibition study on venom enzymes namely phospholipase A2 (PLA2), proteinase and phosphomonoesterase (PME) were studied by measuring the absorbance using the spectrophotometer. There were two main groups; Group 1: venom only; and Group 2: venom with TSE. The mean triplicate determination of venom enzyme activity post-exposure to TSE from Group 2 was taken and analysed against 100% venom enzyme activity from Group 1. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the TSE has (+++) phenolics and (+++) hydrolysable tannins. TSE significantly reduced all venom enzymatic activities i.e. PLA2, proteinase and PME from the three snake species at 925 nm, 280 nm and 400 nm, respectively. SDS-PAGE experiment showed the disruption of venom protein bands from all three snake species when venom was exposed to 4.76 µg TSE. Conclusion: Ethanolic TSE contains mainly phenolics and hydrolysable tannins which can reduce the snake venom enzymatic activities. This is possibly due to the formation of tannin-protein complex rendering the venom less potent.

scholarly journals Paraneoplastic hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic abnormalities in female dogs with mammary neoplasms

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naila C.B. Duda ◽  
Stella de F. Valle ◽  
Juliana P. Matheus ◽  
Natália C. Angeli ◽  
Luciane C. Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Cancer ◽  
Tumor Staging ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Thrombin Time ◽  
Coagulation Test ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT: Paraneoplastic laboratory abnormalities are identified in several types of cancers in dogs and cats. In veterinary medicine, particularly in mammary cancer, there are few studies that correlate abnormal laboratory findings with tumor type and staging. The aim of this study was to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic abnormalities and correlate them with mammary tumor staging in female dogs with mammary cancer. Blood samples from 24 female dogs were evaluated, and the hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic parameters were correlated with tumor staging obtained by physical examination, imaging exams, and histopathological surgical biopsies. The groups were organized according to tumor staging: group 1 (stages I and II), group 2 (stage III), and group 3 (stages IV and V). Anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and low blood urea were observed. The variables MCHC, TPP, and RDW were correlated with tumor staging with no clinical relevance. Thrombin time and fibrinogen were significant between the groups in the coagulation test, being associated with tumor staging. The findings suggest influence of the proinflammatory cytokines released during tumor growth.

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BRYPHYLLUM PINNATUM ON ALBINO WISTAR RATS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 270-282
Author(s):  
Solomon Chimaraoke Egeonu ◽  
◽  
Akataobi Kelechi Uzoma ◽  
Eke Ugorji Iheanacho ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Succulent Plant ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
The Family ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Group 1

Bryophyllumpinnatum, which belong to the family Crassulceae, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar, which is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. It has been in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension and kidney stones. Despite these acclaimed efficacies of its use in trado-medical practices, the effects on body organs are not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant properties of Bryophyllumpinnatum. Fifteen adult Sprague dowley rats were use in this study split into three groups (group 1, 2 and 3). Group 1 animals served as the control, while group 2 and 3 served as the experimental groups. Acute toxicity, and antioxidants. The result of this study found LD50 to be above 5000mg/kg. In vitro antioxidant test found the presence of alkaloids, saponins, thiamin, riboflavin etc. Antioxidant activity test result found an increase in GSH, GPx, a decrease in MDA and a stable CAT. In conclusion, we recommend its uses in human, but at a regulated doses because of its efficacy as stated in this study.

scholarly journals The Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions of Andrographis paniculata and Ibuprofen in the Plasma of Healthy Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Mutakin Mutakin ◽  
Sandra Megantara ◽  
Batari A. Larasati ◽  
Yogiyanto Yogiyanto ◽  
Jutti Levita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Mobile Phase Flow Rate ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Drug ◽  
Group 1

An HPLC method was developed and validated for the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between Andrographis paniculata and ibuprofen in the plasma of Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits after a single oral administration of the mixture. Nine healthy rabbits (6 males and 3 females, weight 1.68-2.42 kg) were acclimatized for 7 days and were randomly divided into 3 groups. At day-8th the rabbits were group (1) treated with a single oral administration of ibuprofen (dose of 28 mg/kg BW); group (2) treated with a single oral administration of Andrographis paniculata infusion (7.04 mL/kg BW); group (3) treated with a single oral administration of a mixture of Andrographis paniculata (7.04 mL/kg BW) infusion and ibuprofen (dose of 28 mg/kg BW). Plasma samples were prepared by collecting the blood from the marginal ear vein at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the mixture administration, followed by centrifuging it for 30 minutes 3000 rpm. Chromatographic separation was performed on a LiChrosorb RP-18 with methanol and double-distilled water (70:30) as the mobile phase, flow rate 1 mL/minute. UV detection was set at 227 nm. The absorption and distribution of ibuprofen were fast (Tmax = 30 min; Cmax = 4.02962 mcg/mL), however, interestingly this drug could improve the absorption and distribution of andrographolide in Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits

scholarly journals New insights into the karyotype evolution of the genus Gampsocleis (Orthoptera, Tettigoniinae, Gampsocleidini)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Kociński ◽  
Beata Grzywacz ◽  
Dragan Chobanov ◽  
Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Silver Impregnation ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Rdna Cluster ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Haploid Karyotype ◽  
Active Nors ◽  
Group 1

Five species belonging to the genusGampsocleisFieber, 1852 were analyzed using fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and telomeric probes, as well as C-banding, DAPI/CMA3staining and silver impregnation. The studied species showed two distinct karyotypes, with 2n = 31 (male) and 2n = 23 (male) chromosomes. The drastic reduction in chromosome number observed in the latter case suggests multiple translocations and fusions as the main responsible that occurred during chromosome evolution. Two groups of rDNA distribution were found inGampsocleisrepresentatives analyzed. Group 1, with a single large rDNA cluster on the medium-sized autosome found in four species, carried in the haploid karyotype. Group 2, represented only byG.abbreviata, was characterized by the presence of two rDNA signals. TTAGG telomeric repeats were found at the ends of chromosome arms as expected. The rDNA clusters coincided with active NORs and GC-rich segments.

In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
Atıf Yolgosteren ◽  
Gencehan Kumtepe ◽  
Melda Payaslioglu ◽  
Cuneyt Ozakin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Graft ◽  
Graft Infection ◽  
Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 1

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.

The influence of continuous local wound infusion on postoperative pain in patients undergoing transfemoral amputation

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Uhl ◽  
Thomas Betz ◽  
Andrea Rupp ◽  
Markus Steinbauer ◽  
Ingolf Töpel
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Phantom Pain ◽  
Transfemoral Amputation ◽  
Postoperative Wound ◽  
Stump Pain ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract. Summary: Background: This pilot study was set up to examine the effects of a continuous postoperative wound infusion system with a local anaesthetic on perioperative pain and the consumption of analgesics. Patients and methods: We included 42 patients in this prospective observational pilot study. Patients were divided into two groups. One group was treated in accordance with the WHO standard pain management protocol and in addition to that received a continuous local wound infusion treatment (Group 1). Group 2 was treated with analgesics in accordance with the WHO standard pain management protocol, exclusively. Results: The study demonstrated a significantly reduced postoperative VAS score for stump pain in Group 1 for the first 5 days. Furthermore, the intake of opiates was significantly reduced in Group 1 (day 1, Group 1: 42.1 vs. Group 2: 73.5, p = 0.010; day 2, Group 1: 27.7 vs. Group 2: 52.5, p = 0.012; day 3, Group 1: 23.9 vs. Group 2: 53.5, p = 0.002; day 4, Group 1: 15.7 vs. Group 2: 48.3, p = 0.003; day 5, Group 1 13.3 vs. Group 2: 49.9, p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups, neither in phantom pain intensity at discharge nor postoperative complications and death. Conclusions: Continuous postoperative wound infusion with a local anaesthetic in combination with a standard pain management protocol can reduce both stump pain and opiate intake in patients who have undergone transfemoral amputation. Phantom pain was not significantly affected.

Abnormal Haemostasis and Blood Viscosity in Malignant Hypertension

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 253-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Isles ◽  
G D O Lowe ◽  
B M Rankin ◽  
C D Forbes ◽  
N Lucie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Malignant Hypertension ◽  
Fibrin Deposition ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

SummaryWe have previously shown abnormalities of haemostasis suggestive of intravascular coagulation in patients with malignant hypertension, a condition associated with retinopathy and renal fibrin deposition. To determine whether such abnormalities are specific to malignant hypertension, we have measured several haemostatic and haemorheological variables in 18 patients with malignant hypertension (Group 1), 18 matched healthy controls (Group 2), and 18 patients with non-malignant hypertension (Group 3) matched for renal pathology, blood pressure and serum creatinine with Group 1. Both Groups 1 and 3 had increased mean levels of fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, beta-thrombo- globulin, plasma viscosity and blood viscosity (corrected for haematocrit); and decreased mean levels of haematocrit, antithrombin III and platelet count. Mean levels of fast antiplasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin were elevated in Group 1 but not in Group 3. We conclude that most blood abnormalities are not specific to malignant hypertension; are also present in patients with non-malignant hypertension who have similar levels of blood pressure and renal damage; and might result from renal damage as well as promoting further renal damage by enhancing fibrin deposition. However increased levels of fibrinolytic inhibitors in malignant hypertension merit further investigation in relation to removal of renal fibrin.

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