scholarly journals Imaging Familial and Sporadic Neurodegenerative Disorders Associated with Parkinsonism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Lewy Body Dementia ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Subclinical Disease ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractIn this paper, the structural and functional imaging changes associated with sporadic and genetic Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian variants are reviewed. The role of imaging for supporting diagnosis and detecting subclinical disease is discussed, and the potential use and drawbacks of using imaging biomarkers for monitoring disease progression is debated. Imaging changes associated with nonmotor complications of PD are presented. The similarities and differences in imaging findings in Lewy body dementia, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease are discussed.

scholarly journals The emerging role of α-synuclein truncation in aggregation and disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (30) ◽  
pp. 10224-10244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A. Sorrentino ◽  
Benoit I. Giasson
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Multiple System Atrophy ◽  
Lewy Body ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lewy Body Dementia ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Neuronal Protein ◽  
Preventative Strategy

α-Synuclein (αsyn) is an abundant brain neuronal protein that can misfold and polymerize to form toxic fibrils coalescing into pathologic inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. These fibrils may induce further αsyn misfolding and propagation of pathologic fibrils in a prion-like process. It is unclear why αsyn initially misfolds, but a growing body of literature suggests a critical role of partial proteolytic processing resulting in various truncations of the highly charged and flexible carboxyl-terminal region. This review aims to 1) summarize recent evidence that disease-specific proteolytic truncations of αsyn occur in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy and animal disease models; 2) provide mechanistic insights on how truncation of the amino and carboxyl regions of αsyn may modulate the propensity of αsyn to pathologically misfold; 3) compare experiments evaluating the prion-like properties of truncated forms of αsyn in various models with implications for disease progression; 4) assess uniquely toxic properties imparted to αsyn upon truncation; and 5) discuss pathways through which truncated αsyn forms and therapies targeted to interrupt them. Cumulatively, it is evident that truncation of αsyn, particularly carboxyl truncation that can be augmented by dysfunctional proteostasis, dramatically potentiates the propensity of αsyn to pathologically misfold into uniquely toxic fibrils with modulated prion-like seeding activity. Therapeutic strategies and experimental paradigms should operate under the assumption that truncation of αsyn is likely occurring in both initial and progressive disease stages, and preventing truncation may be an effective preventative strategy against pathologic inclusion formation.

scholarly journals Role of Tridosha Siddhanta in the management of Kampavata w.s.r.t Parkinsonism

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Ansari Huma ◽  
Dr. Pravin Patil
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

 Ayurveda holistic science is based on entities like dosha, dhatu, and mala. Tridosha (i.e.vata, pitta, kapha) maintains health in an equilibrium state, and imbalance in these dosha develops diseased conditions in individuals. Vata is the only dosha that presides over all the other entities. In the present era, vatavyadhi is the most prevalent disease due to stress, improper sleep, improper diet and lifestyle, and old age. In Ayurveda, various nanatmaja vyadhi of vata has been explained, kampavata vyadhi is one of them. By comparing kampavata vyadhi with modern science most of the clinical features of this disease resemble Parkinson's disorder. Parkinson's disease is a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by rest tremor, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, shuffling gait, and flexed posture.     Hence, the endeavor is made to understand the concept of Tridosha Siddhanta in kampavata vyadhi and turn in the perspective of Parkinson's disease with the Ayurvedic approach.    

Nanomedicine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Tandon ◽  
Sangh Jyoti Singh ◽  
Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
The Brain

: Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease are the two most rampant neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Existing treatments have a limited effect on the pathophysiology, but are unable to fully arrest the progression of the disease. This is due to the inability of these therapeutic molecules to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. We discuss, how nanotechnology has enabled the researchers to develop novel and efficient nano-therapeutics against these diseases. The development of nanotized drug delivery systems has permitted an efficient, site-targeted, and controlled release of drugs in the brain, thereby presenting a revolutionary therapeutic approach. Nanoparticles are also being thoroughly studied and exploited for their role in efficient and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. We summarize the role of different nano-carriers and RNAi-conjugated nanoparticle based therapeutics for their efficacy in pre-clinical studies. We also discuss the challenges underlying the use of nanomedicine with a focus on their route of administration, concentration, metabolism, and any toxic effects for successful therapeutics in these diseases.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Parkinson’s Disease: Role of CSF Biomarkers

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Paolini Paoletti ◽  
Lorenzo Gaetani ◽  
Lucilla Parnetti
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Work Up

The development of disease modifying strategies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) largely depends on the ability to identify suitable populations after accurate diagnostic work-up. Therefore, patient molecular profiling and disease subtyping are mandatory. Thus far, in clinical trials, PD has been considered to be a “single entity”. Conversely, in front of the common feature of nigro-striatal degeneration, PD is pathogenically heterogeneous with a series of several biological and molecular pathways that differently contribute to clinical development and progression. Currently available diagnostic criteria for PD mainly rely on clinical features and imaging biomarkers, thus missing to identify the contribution of pathophysiological pathways, also failing to catch abnormalities occurring in the early stages of disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a promising source of biomarkers, with the high potential for reflecting early changes occurring in PD brain. In this review, we provide an overview on CSF biomarkers in PD, discussing their association with different molecular pathways involved either in pathophysiology or progression in detail. Their potential application in the field of disease modifying treatments is also discussed.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Tae Ju Park ◽  
Tahir Ali ◽  
Myeong Ok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Adenosine A2a

This paper reviews the results of studies conducted on the role of caffeine in the management of different neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To highlight the potential role of caffeine in managing different neurodegenerative diseases, we identified studies by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by scrutinizing the lists of pertinent publications. According to the collected overall findings, caffeine may reduce the elevated oxidative stress; inhibit the activation of adenosine A2A, thereby regulating the accumulation of Aβ; reduce the hyperphosphorylation of tau; and reduce the accumulation of misfolded proteins, such as α-synuclein, in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The studies have suggested that caffeine has promising protective effects against different neurodegenerative diseases and that these effects may be used to tackle the neurological diseases and/or their consequences. Here, we review the ongoing research on the role of caffeine in the management of different neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on AD and PD. The current findings suggest that caffeine produces potent antioxidant, inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects against different models of neurodegenerative disease, including AD, PD, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Caffeine has shown strong antagonistic effects against the adenosine A2A receptor, which is a microglial receptor, and strong agonistic effects against nuclear-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), thereby regulating the cellular homeostasis at the brain by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, regulating the accumulation of α-synuclein in PD and tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloidogenesis, and synaptic deficits in AD, which are the cardinal features of these neurodegenerative diseases.

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