The physical nature of stickiness in the spray drying of dairy products—a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 331-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. O’Callaghan ◽  
S. A. Hogan
1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Heldman ◽  
C.W. Hall ◽  
T.I. Hedrick

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Павел Владимирович Кузнецов ◽  
Валентина Тихоновна Габриелова

Последовательное сочетание различных методов обезвоживания является одним из традиционных направлений при организации эффективного производства концентрированных, сгущенных и сухих молочных продуктов. Этот подход призван обеспечить заданные качества конечного продукта при минимальных энергозатратах технологии. Расчеты подобных многоэтапных процессов в силу высокой сложности постоянно являются предметом исследований. Оценка влияния стадийности обезвоживания при выработке концентрированных, сгущенных и сухих молочных продуктов на энергоемкость процесса является целью данной работы. Объектами исследования были жидкие, концентрированные и сухие молочные продукты, а также параметры процессов их обезвоживания. Ведение процесса сушки в две стадии позволяет получить экономию энергии до 10-15 %. Предварительная обработка исходного продукта мембранными методами (ультрафильтрация, нанофильтрация, обратный осмос) также дает возможность получать определенный эффект в энергозатратах. Применительно к распылительной сушке молочных продуктов широкое применение находит процесс, включающий предварительную концентрацию исходного продукта тем или иным мембранным методом, сгущение продукта методом вакуум-выпаривания, распылительную сушку горячим воздухом до влажности, на 2-4 % превышающую требуемую, окончательную досушку продукта в «псевдокипящем» слое до требуемой влажности и, наконец, охлаждение продукта также в «псевдокипящем» слое. На основании условий материального и энергетического баланса получено выражение для оценки удельных затрат в процессе многостадийного обезвоживания, позволяющее проводить сравнительную оценку затрат на производство сухих молочных продуктов, определять целесообразность их создания или реконструкции, исходя из планируемых объемов переработки и финансовых возможностей. Целевыми функциями, описывающими процесс обезвоживания, следует рассматривать функции, описывающие изменение влажности продукта, удельные затраты энергии на обработку продукта и качество конечного продукта. A consistent combination of different methods of dehydration is one of the promising directions in the organization of the production of concentrated, condensed and dry dairy products. This ensures the desired quality of the final product at the lowest possible energy consumption. Calculations of such multi-stage processes, due to their high complexity, are constantly the subject of ongoing research. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of the stages of dehydration in the production of concentrated, condensed and dry dairy products on the energy intensity of the process. The objects of the study were liquid, concentrated and dry dairy products, as well as the parameters of their dehydration processes. Conducting the drying process in two stages allows you to get energy savings of up to 10-15 %. Pretreatment of the initial product by membran methods (ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis) also makes it possible to obtain a certain gain in energy consumption. In relation to the spray drying of dairy products, a process is widely used, including the preliminary concentration of the initial product by one or another membrane method, the thickening of the product by vacuum evaporation, spray drying with hot air to a humidity 2-4 % higher than the required, the final drying of the product in the «pseudo-boiling» layer to the required humidity and, finally, the cooling of the product also in the «pseudo-boiling» layer. Based on the conditions of the material and energy balances, an expression is obtained for estimating the unit costs in the process of multi-stage dewatering, which allows for a comparative assessment of the costs of producing dry dairy products, determining the feasibility of its creation or reconstruction, based on the planned processing volumes and financial capabilities. The target functions describing the dewatering process should be considered functions describing the change in product moisture, the specific energy consumption for processing the product, and the quality of the final product.


2020 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Vladimir Dmitrievich Kharitonov ◽  
Pavel Vladimirovich Kuznetsov ◽  
Valentina Tikhonovna Gabrielova ◽  
Boris Alexandrovich Darzhaniya

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geânderson dos Santos ◽  
Regina Isabel Nogueira ◽  
Amauri Rosenthal

Abstract Yoghurt is one of the dairy products most consumed worldwide but dehydrated yoghurt is still uncommon. Considered a nutritious food, yoghurt powder could be used as an ingredient or supplement in juices, cookies, ice cream and dairy beverages. Spray drying and freeze drying are the methods most widely used to dehydrate dairy products, and the process conditions are directly associated with the production costs and value of the final product. Due to osmotic and thermal stress during dehydration, it is often necessary to incorporate agents such as carriers, thermal protectants, cryo-protectants and stabilizers in order to improve the process yield, preserve nutrients and even facilitate rehydration of the product. Thus the present review presents the technologies available to obtain yoghurt powder, including the processes, drying agents, drying rates, rehydration conditions and survival of the lactic acid bacteria.


2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. COSTA ◽  
N. TEIXIDÓ ◽  
J. USALL ◽  
E. FONS ◽  
V. GIMENO ◽  
...  

Spray drying could be a suitable method for preserving microorganisms, as it allows large quantities of cultures to be dried at low cost. The aims of this paper were to evaluate the effects of spray-drying conditions on survival of the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2, which has shown antifungal activity against Penicillium expansum and Penicillium digitatum on citrus fruits. Various compounds cited in the bibliography as carriers were tested in our spray drying, and some salts (MgSO4, K2SO4, and Na2CO3) and dairy products (lactoserum or nonfat skimmed milk [NFSM]) showed the best results in terms of recovered powder. Outlet temperature had more influence on the death of bacteria than inlet temperature. P. agglomerans was heat sensitive, and the activation energy was around 6 kcal/mol K when MgSO4 (10%) or NFSM (10%) were used as carriers and only 3 kcal/mol K when the combination of MgSO4 (10%) and NFSM (10%) was used. The highest powder recovery was obtained when NFSM was used as the rehydration medium. Although the percentage of powder recovery was not high (around 50%) and viability was low, the results suggest that with bigger spray dryers, we could expect a lower outlet temperature and probably an increased viability. Further research into spray-dryer design is needed in order to demonstrate this.


1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Marie Mariotti ◽  
Alain Léger ◽  
Bertrand Mennesson ◽  
Marc Ollivier

AbstractIndirect methods of detection of exo-planets (by radial velocity, astrometry, occultations,...) have revealed recently the first cases of exo-planets, and will in the near future expand our knowledge of these systems. They will provide statistical informations on the dynamical parameters: semi-major axis, eccentricities, inclinations,... But the physical nature of these planets will remain mostly unknown. Only for the larger ones (exo-Jupiters), an estimate of the mass will be accessible. To characterize in more details Earth-like exo-planets, direct detection (i.e., direct observation of photons from the planet) is required. This is a much more challenging observational program. The exo-planets are extremely faint with respect to their star: the contrast ratio is about 10−10at visible wavelengths. Also the angular size of the apparent orbit is small, typically 0.1 second of arc. While the first point calls for observations in the infrared (where the contrast goes up to 10−7) and with a coronograph, the latter implies using an interferometer. Several space projects combining these techniques have been recently proposed. They aim at surveying a few hundreds of nearby single solar-like stars in search for Earth-like planets, and at performing a low resolution spectroscopic analysis of their infrared emission in order to reveal the presence in the atmosphere of the planet of CO H2O and O3. The latter is a good tracer of the presence of oxygen which could be, like on our Earth, released by biological activity. Although extremely ambitious, these projects could be realized using space technology either already available or in development for others missions. They could be built and launched during the first decades on the next century.


1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
R.W.P. McWhirter

The intensity of a specrtal line from an optically thin plasma such as the outer atmosphere of the sun depends on both the atomic properties of the atomic ion responsible for the line and the physical nature of the plasma. In this paper we discuss the various ways in which the measured spectral intensities from the sun are used to discover something about the nature of the sun’s atmosphere. The technique has been referred to as the emission measure method. It has important limitations in terms of the accuracy of the specrtal data as well as the atomic data. We discuss some of these and suggest methods by which they may be assessed. The technique is illustrated by application to real observations from a number of authors.


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