scholarly journals Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Immune System, Vaccination and Risk of Community-Acquired Infectious Disease in the General Population: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien F. M. Chastin ◽  
Ukachukwu Abaraogu ◽  
Jan G. Bourgois ◽  
Philippa M. Dall ◽  
Jennifer Darnborough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Regular Physical Activity ◽  
Habitual Physical Activity ◽  
Disease Mortality

Abstract Background Regular physical activity is the prime modality for the prevention of numerous non-communicable diseases and has also been advocated for resilience against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. However, there is currently no systematic and quantitative evidence synthesis of the association between physical activity and the strength of the immune system. Objective To examine the association between habitual physical activity and (1) the risk of community-acquired infectious disease, (2) laboratory‐assessed immune parameters, and (3) immune response to vaccination. Methods We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched seven databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) up to April 2020 for randomised controlled trials and prospective observational studies were included if they compared groups of adults with different levels of physical activity and reported immune system cell count, the concentration of antibody, risk of clinically diagnosed infections, risk of hospitalisation and mortality due to infectious disease. Studies involving elite athletes were excluded. The quality of the selected studies was critically examined following the Cochrane guidelines using ROB2 and ROBINS_E. Data were pooled using an inverse variance random-effects model. Results Higher level of habitual physical activity is associated with a 31% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.61–0.78, 6 studies, N = 557,487 individuals) of community-acquired infectious disease and 37% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.59–0.70, 4 studies, N = 422,813 individuals) of infectious disease mortality. Physical activity interventions resulted in increased CD4 cell counts (32 cells/µL, 95% CI 7–56 cells/µL, 24 studies, N = 1112 individuals) and salivary immunoglobulin IgA concentration (standardised mean difference 0.756, 95% CI 0.146–1.365, 7 studies, N = 435 individuals) and decreased neutrophil counts (704 cells/µL, 95% CI 68–1340, 6 studies, N = 704 individuals) compared to controls. Antibody concentration after vaccination is higher with an adjunct physical activity programme (standardised mean difference 0.142, 95% CI 0.021–0.262, 6 studies, N = 497 individuals). Conclusion Regular, moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with reduced risk of community-acquired infectious diseases and infectious disease mortality, enhances the first line of defence of the immune system, and increases the potency of vaccination. Protocol registration The original protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020178825).

scholarly journals On the diverse and opposing effects of nutrition on pathogen virulence

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1906) ◽  
pp. 20191220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Pike ◽  
Katrina A. Lythgoe ◽  
Kayla C. King
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
The Impact

Climate change and anthropogenic activity are currently driving large changes in nutritional availability across ecosystems, with consequences for infectious disease. An increase in host nutrition could lead to more resources for hosts to expend on the immune system or for pathogens to exploit. In this paper, we report a meta-analysis of studies on host–pathogen systems across the tree of life, to examine the impact of host nutritional quality and quantity on pathogen virulence. We did not find broad support across studies for a one-way effect of nutrient availability on pathogen virulence. We thus discuss a hypothesis that there is a balance between the effect of host nutrition on the immune system and on pathogen resources, with the pivot point of the balance differing for vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Our results suggest that variation in nutrition, caused by natural or anthropogenic factors, can have diverse effects on infectious disease outcomes across species.

scholarly journals Age, period, and cohort effects on infectious disease mortality in Korea, 1983-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H-S Kim ◽  
S J Eun
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Disease Mortality

Abstract Background Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide, and constitute a significant burden of disease, even in developed countries including Korea. Although different ages, periods, and cohorts may affect mortality, few studies analyzed the epidemiologic pattern of infectious disease mortality considering these effects. This study aimed to estimate the age-period-cohort effects on infectious disease mortality in Korea. Methods The national death certificate and census mid-year population estimates data from 1983 to 2017 were categorized into 5-year age groups and 5-year periods. Infant deaths were excluded due to incomplete data. Intrinsic estimator regression models were fitted to estimate age-period-cohort effects on infectious disease mortality. Results A J-shaped age effect declined from age 1-4 years (intrinsic estimator coefficient [IEC] 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52, 0.85), the lowest at age 20-24 years (IEC -1.68; 95% CI -1.85, -1.51), and then increased with age. The declining trend of period effects was slowed down in 1998-2002 (after the 1997-1998 Asian economic crisis), and turned to an upward trend from 2008-2012 (after the 2008-2009 global financial crisis). The cohort effect increased from the earliest cohort born before 1905 (IEC -1.17, 95% CI -1.35, -0.98), peaked in the 1941-1945 cohort (IEC 1.20, 95% CI 1.10, 1.29), then plateaued out (IEC ranged from 0.93 to 1.10), and has continued to decline since the 1966-1970 cohort in which rapid economic growth began. Conclusions There were clear age, period, and cohort effects on infectious disease mortality in Korea. Through the period and cohort effects, the economic downturn and upturn might have increased or reduced infectious disease mortality, respectively. Recent upward trend in infectious disease mortality after the 2008-2009 financial crisis suggests a need to strengthen prevention and control of infectious diseases. Key messages It is important to consider age-period-cohort effects in identifying the epidemiologic pattern of infectious disease mortality trend and finding its underlying drivers. Economic cycle might have influenced infectious disease mortality through period and cohort effects.

scholarly journals Vaccines and Antibodies: Weapons in the Fight Against Ebola Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Debré ◽  
Marie Neunez ◽  
Michel Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Stimulation Of

Ebola virus disease is one of the deadliest infections in the world today. The microbe to blame is the Ebola virus. It has already caused numerous outbreaks in Africa, in the regions located south of the Sahara. This article describes the main characteristics of this infectious disease as well as the currently available treatments, namely vaccines and antibodies. Antibodies are produced by the human body when it is infected by a microbe. Antibodies can be collected from the blood of infected humans or animals and purified or manufactured in a laboratory to produce drugs. While vaccines have demonstrated their effectiveness in preventing infectious diseases, antibodies are effective in stopping the progression of several infectious diseases. In this article, you will discover that the stimulation of the immune system, either by the vaccine or by antibodies, is essential to tackle Ebola virus disease.

scholarly journals Effects of Physical Exercise on Motor Skills and Body Composition of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Detailed Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Milan Mitic ◽  
◽  
Marko Aleksandrovic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Regular Physical Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) make up about 2% of the total population, in addition to the cognitive and social problems which they face, physical abilities are at a very low level, during life. At the same time, people with ID show deficits in motor status which is associated with poor perception of information and inability to execute movements and with constant variation of body status indicators. The aim of this detailed review was to summarize previous works that examined the effects that regular physical activity has on motor and physical status in ID. The following index databases were used to collect adequate literature: GoogleScholar, PubMed, SciIndex, ResearchGate, MEDLINE. A systematic review of the available literature was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reports for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The training processes of people with ID are adapted to the level of disability. Research that has studied the effects of adequate and regular physical activity highlights the importance of these programs in reducing the consequences and improving the quality of life of this population, improving motor skills and body composition, in the future this knowledge should be combined with the benefits of nutritional programs to see the overall effects on motor skills and body composition in people with ID, so future research examining long-term positive sides is necessary.

scholarly journals Physical inactivity, cardiometabolic disease, and risk of dementia: an individual-participant meta-analysis

BMJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. l1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Archana Singh-Manoux ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Séverine Sabia ◽  
Solja T Nyberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Reverse Causation ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Incident Cases

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether physical inactivity is a risk factor for dementia, with attention to the role of cardiometabolic disease in this association and reverse causation bias that arises from changes in physical activity in the preclinical (prodromal) phase of dementia.DesignMeta-analysis of 19 prospective observational cohort studies.Data sourcesThe Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations Consortium, the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, and the UK Data Service, including a total of 19 of a potential 9741 studies.Review methodThe search strategy was designed to retrieve individual-participant data from prospective cohort studies. Exposure was physical inactivity; primary outcomes were incident all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease; and the secondary outcome was incident cardiometabolic disease (that is, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke). Summary estimates were obtained using random effects meta-analysis.ResultsStudy population included 404 840 people (mean age 45.5 years, 57.7% women) who were initially free of dementia, had a measurement of physical inactivity at study entry, and were linked to electronic health records. In 6.0 million person-years at risk, we recorded 2044 incident cases of all-cause dementia. In studies with data on dementia subtype, the number of incident cases of Alzheimer’s disease was 1602 in 5.2 million person-years. When measured <10 years before dementia diagnosis (that is, the preclinical stage of dementia), physical inactivity was associated with increased incidence of all-cause dementia (hazard ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.71) and Alzheimer’s disease (1.36, 1.12 to 1.65). When reverse causation was minimised by assessing physical activity ≥10 years before dementia onset, no difference in dementia risk between physically active and inactive participants was observed (hazard ratios 1.01 (0.89 to 1.14) and 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) for the two outcomes). Physical inactivity was consistently associated with increased risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio 1.42, 1.25 to 1.61), coronary heart disease (1.24, 1.13 to 1.36), and stroke (1.16, 1.05 to 1.27). Among people in whom cardiometabolic disease preceded dementia, physical inactivity was non-significantly associated with dementia (hazard ratio for physical activity assessed >10 before dementia onset 1.30, 0.79 to 2.14).ConclusionsIn analyses that addressed bias due to reverse causation, physical inactivity was not associated with all-cause dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, although an indication of excess dementia risk was observed in a subgroup of physically inactive individuals who developed cardiometabolic disease.

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