scholarly journals Skin Immunology and Rejection in VCA and Organ Transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
D. A. Leonard ◽  
K. R. Amin ◽  
H. Giele ◽  
J. E. Fildes ◽  
Jason K. F. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Skin Immunology ◽  
Discrete Populations

Abstract Purpose of Review Skin provides a window into the health of an individual. Using transplanted skin as a monitor can provide a powerful tool for surveillance of rejection in a transplant. The purpose of this review is to provide relevant background to the role of skin in vascularized transplantation medicine. Recent Findings Discrete populations of T memory cells provide distributed immune protection in skin, and cycle between skin, lymph nodes, and blood. Skin-resident TREG cells proliferate in response to inflammation and contribute to long-term VCA survival in small animal models. Early clinical studies show sentinel flap rejection to correlate well with facial VCA skin rejection, and abdominal wall rejection demonstrates concordance with visceral rejection, but further studies are required. Summary This review focuses on the immunology of skin, skin rejection in vascularized composite allografts, and the recent advances in monitoring the health of transplanted tissues using distant “sentinel” flaps.

Abstract 228: Alterations of Cardiac Morphology and Function Caused by Cardio-Thoracic Surgery in Small Animal Models of Heart Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nordbeck ◽  
Leoni Bönhof ◽  
Karl-Heinz Hiller ◽  
Sabine Voll ◽  
Paula Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Cardiac Morphology ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
And Function

Background: Surgical procedures in small animal models of heart disease, such as artificial ligation of the coronary arteries for experimental myocardial infarction, can evoke alterations in cardiac morphology and function. Such alterations might induce artificial early or long term effects in vivo that might account for a significant bias in basic cardiovascular research, and, therefore, could potentially question the meaning of respective studies in small animal models of heart disease. Methods: Female Wistar rats were matched for weight and distributed to sham left coronary artery ligation or untreated control. Cardiac parameters were then investigated in vivo by high-field MRI over time after the surgical procedure, determining left and right ventricular morphology and function. Additionally, the time course of several metabolic and inflammatory blood parameters was determined. Results: Rats after sham surgery showed a lower body weight for up to 8 weeks after the intervention compared to healthy controls. Left and right ventricular morphology and function were not different in absolute measures in both groups 1 week after surgery. However, there was a confined difference in several cardiac parameters normalized to the body weight (bw), such as myocardial mass (2.19±0.30/0.83±0.13 vs. 1.85±0.22/0.70±0.07 mg left/right per g bw, p<0.05), or enddiastolic ventricular volume (1.31±0.36/1.21±0.31 vs. 1.14±0.20/1.07±0.17 µl left/right per g bw, p<0.05). Vice versa, after 8 weeks, cardiac masses, volumes, and output showed a trend for lower values in the sham operated rats compared to the controls in absolute measures (782.2±57.2/260.2±33.2 vs. 805.9±84.8/310.4±48.5 mg, p<0.05 for left/right ventricular mass), but not normalized to body weight. Matching these findings, blood testing revealed prolonged metabolic and inflammatory changes after surgery not related to cardiac disease. Conclusion: There is a small distinct impact of cardio-thoracic surgical procedures on the global integrity of the organism, which in the long term also includes circumscribed repercussions on cardiac morphology and function. This impact has to be considered when analyzing data from respective studies and transferring the findings to conditions in patients.

scholarly journals The Representative Porcine Model for Human Cardiovascular Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoriyasu Suzuki ◽  
Alan C. Yeung ◽  
Fumiaki Ikeno
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Insight Into

To improve human health, scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications. Inherent in the development of these technologies is the role of preclinical testing using animal models. Although significant insight into the molecular and cellular basis has come from small animal models, significant differences exist with regard to cardiovascular characteristics between these models and humans. Therefore, large animal models are essential to develop the discoveries from murine models into clinical therapies and interventions. This paper will provide an overview of the more frequently used large animal models, especially porcine models for preclinical studies.

scholarly journals Oxygenator Is the Main Responsible for Leukocyte Activation in Experimental Model of Extracorporeal Circulation: A Cautionary Tale

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Rungatscher ◽  
Maddalena Tessari ◽  
Chiara Stranieri ◽  
Erika Solani ◽  
Daniele Linardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Extracorporeal Circulation ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Leukocyte Activation ◽  
Cautionary Tale ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Inflammatory Activation ◽  
Small Animal Models

In order to assess mechanisms underlying inflammatory activation during extracorporeal circulation (ECC), several small animal models of ECC have been proposed recently. The majority of them are based on home-made, nonstandardized, and hardly reproducible oxygenators. The present study has generated fundamental information on the role of oxygenator of ECC in activating inflammatory signaling pathways on leukocytes, leading to systemic inflammatory response, and organ dysfunction. The present results suggest that experimental animal models of ECC used in translational research on inflammatory response should be based on standardized, reproducible oxygenators with clinical characteristics.

The mechanistic role of thymoquinone in Parkinson's disease: focus on neuroprotection in pre-clinical studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Najim Uddin ◽  
Mohammad Injamul Hoq ◽  
Israt Jahan ◽  
Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui ◽  
Chayan Dhar Clinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Movement Difficulties

: Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sativa L. seeds. TQ exhibited various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-tumoral in several pre-clinical studies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative disease with movement difficulties, and the common feature of neurodegeneration in PD patients is caused by dopaminergic neural damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuroprotective activity of TQ has been studied in various neurological disorders. TQ-mediated neuroprotection against PD yet to be reported in a single frame; therefore, this review is intended to narrate the potentiality of TQ in the therapy of PD. TQ has been shown to protect against neurotoxins via amelioration of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, thereby protects neurodegeneration in PD models. TQ could be an emerging therapeutic intervention in PD management, but mechanistic studies have been remained to be investigated to clarify its neuroprotective role.

Potential Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Alexandre Santos Marzano ◽  
Fabyolla Lúcia Macedo de Castro ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
João Luís Vieira Monteiro de Barros ◽  
Thiago Macedo e Cordeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
The Brain

: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious cause of disability and death among young and adult individuals, displaying complex pathophysiology including cellular and molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. Many experimental and clinical studies investigated the potential relationship between TBI and the process by which neurons are formed in the brain, known as neurogenesis. Currently, there are no available treatments for TBI’s long-term consequences being the search for novel therapeutic targets, a goal of highest scientific and clinical priority. Some studies evaluated the benefits of treatments aimed at improving neurogenesis in TBI. In this scenario, herein, we reviewed current pre-clinical studies that evaluated different approaches to improving neurogenesis after TBI while achieving better cognitive outcomes, which may consist in interesting approaches for future treatments.

scholarly journals Small Animal Models of Heart Failure

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Patten ◽  
Monica R. Hall-Porter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Small Animal Models
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