scholarly journals A general approach to compensation for losses incurred due to public health interventions in the infectious disease context

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (S1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Søren Holm
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Care Provision ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Current Compensation ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms

AbstractThis paper develops a general approach to how society should compensate for losses that individuals incur due to public health interventions aimed at controlling the spread of infectious diseases. The paper falls in three parts. The first part provides an initial introduction to the issues and briefly outlines five different kinds of public health interventions that will be used as test cases. They are all directed at individuals and aimed at controlling the spread of infectious diseases (1) isolation, (2) quarantine, (3) recommended voluntary social distancing, (4) changes in health care provision for asymptomatic carriers of multi-resistant microorganisms, and (5) vaccination. The interventions will be briefly described including the various risks, burdens and harms individuals who are subject to these interventions may incur. The second part briefly surveys current compensation mechanisms as far as any exist and argue that even where they exist they are clearly insufficient and do not provide adequate compensation. The third part will then develop a general framework for compensation for losses incurred due to public health interventions in the infectious disease context. This is the major analytical and constructive part of the paper. It first analyses pragmatic and ethical arguments supporting the existence of an obligation on the part of the state to compensate for such losses, and then considers whether this obligation can be defeated by (1) resource considerations, or (2) issues relating to personal responsibility.

The Economics of Infectious Diseases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Economics can make immensely valuable contributions to our understanding of infectious disease transmission and the design of effective policy responses. The one unique characteristic of infectious diseases makes it also particularly complicated to analyze: the fact that it is transmitted from person to person. It explains why individuals’ behavior and externalities are a central topic for the economics of infectious diseases. Many public health interventions are built on the assumption that individuals are altruistic and consider the benefits and costs of their actions to others. This would imply that even infected individuals demand prevention, which stands in conflict with the economic theory of rational behavior. Empirical evidence is conflicting for infected individuals. For healthy individuals, evidence suggests that the demand for prevention is affected by real or perceived risk of infection. However, studies are plagued by underreporting of preventive behavior and non-random selection into testing. Some empirical studies have shown that the impact of prevention interventions could be far greater than one case prevented, resulting in significant externalities. Therefore, economic evaluations need to build on dynamic transmission models in order to correctly estimate these externalities. Future research needs are significant. Economic research needs to improve our understanding of the role of human behavior in disease transmission; support the better integration of economic and epidemiological modeling, evaluation of large-scale public health interventions with quasi-experimental methods, design of optimal subsidies for tackling the global threat of antimicrobial resistance, refocusing the research agenda toward underresearched diseases; and most importantly to assure that progress translates into saved lives on the ground by advising on effective health system strengthening.

scholarly journals Exposome-based public health interventions for infectious diseases in urban settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 106246
Author(s):  
Xanthi D. Andrianou ◽  
Anjoeka Pronk ◽  
Karen S. Galea ◽  
Rob Stierum ◽  
Miranda Loh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Urban Settings

scholarly journals If long-term suppression is not possible, how do we minimize mortality for COVID-19 and other emerging infectious disease outbreaks?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Handel ◽  
Joel C. Miller ◽  
Yang Ge ◽  
Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Long Time

As COVID-19 continues to spread, public health interventions are crucial to minimize its impact. The most desirable goal is to drive the pathogen quickly to extinction. This generally involves applying interventions as strongly as possible, which worked for SARS, but so far has failed for COVID-19. If fast eradication is not achievable, the next best goal is to delay the spread and minimize cases and burden on the health care system until suitable drugs or vaccines are available. This suppression approach also calls for strong interventions, potentially applied for a long time.

scholarly journals Five postulates for resolving outbreaks of infectious disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip P. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Finger Printing ◽  
Micro Organisms

Outbreaks of infection challenge the surveillance of infectious disease, but they also offer opportunities to improve and refine it. An outbreak may be the first sign of an emerging pathogen or it may draw attention to a new risk group or route of infection. Postulates analogous to those used a century ago by Robert Koch to prove the microbial aetiology of infectious diseases can be employed to verify the existence of an outbreak, demonstrate its cause and pinpoint its origins. In doing this, high-resolution molecular finger printing of micro-organisms has now assumed a crucial role. Without formal analysis based on postulates, the existence, extent and source of outbreaks may be overlooked and public health interventions misapplied or lost.

scholarly journals Path of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years: an ongoing challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliseu Alves Waldman ◽  
Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analysis Strategies ◽  
Great Development

ABSTRACT In this article, we comment on the main features of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years, highlighting how much of this path Revista de Saúde Pública could portray. From 1967 to 2016, 1,335 articles focusing on infectious diseases were published in Revista de Saúde Pública. Although the proportion of articles on the topic have decreased from about 50.0% to 15.0%, its notability remained and reflected the growing complexity of the research required for its control. It is noteworthy that studies design and analysis strategies progressively became more sophisticated, following the great development of epidemiology in Brazil in the recent decades. Thus, the journal has followed the success of public health interventions that permitted to control or eliminate numerous infectious diseases – which were responsible, in the past, for high rates of morbidity and mortality –, and also followed the reemergence of diseases already controlled and the emergence of until then unknown diseases, with a strong impact on the Brazilian population, establishing a little predictable and very challenging path.

scholarly journals Mathematical and Statistical models as tools for the control of mosquito-borne diseases: The experience of Costa Rica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Sanchez ◽  
Luis A Barboza ◽  
Paola Vásquez ◽  
Yury E García ◽  
Juan G Calvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Statistical Tools

The modeling of infectious diseases provides valuable input in the development of mitigating strategiesand implementation of public health interventions. We highlight results and current research conductedin Costa Rica using mathematical and statistical tools to develop optimal strategies for mosquito controland mosquito-borne disease prevention/control methods in the country.

A Community-Health Approach for Infection Control in Day-Care Centers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1027
Author(s):  
Julio C. Soto ◽  
Micheline Guy ◽  
Doris Deshaies ◽  
Louise Durand ◽  
Jean Gratton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Day Care Centers

The incidence of infectious diseases can be significantly reduced in day-care centers through health education and public health interventions. Active participation of a center's staff and children are the key element of the success.

scholarly journals Commentary: Making pre-school children wear masks is bad public health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C Hughes ◽  
Sunil Bhopal ◽  
Mark Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
School Children ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Infectious Disease Control ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Children are not small adults. This is a critical point that many pediatricians and other child health professionals get bored of saying, yet it does seem to need repeating. While children have the lowest risk from COVID-19 directly, they risk suffering the indirect impacts of policy decisions, many of which appear to have been made with next to no explicit consideration of their interests. Public health interventions should not only be about infectious disease control, they should consider a broad set of outcomes. In addition, they ought to consider vulnerability, including that in early childhood - a time when young children’s brains are developing rapidly and are most susceptible to adversity. We believe that mandating masking of pre-school children is not in line with public health principles, and needs to be urgently re-considered.

scholarly journals Accessibility and Acceptability of Infectious Disease Interventions Among Migrants in the EU/EEA: A CERQual Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Driedger ◽  
Alain Mayhew ◽  
Vivian Welch ◽  
Eric Agbata ◽  
Doug Gruner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Health Practitioner ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Practitioner Education ◽  
The Eu

In the EU/EEA, subgroups of international migrants have an increased prevalence of certain infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to examine migrants’ acceptability, value placed on outcomes, and accessibility of infectious disease interventions. We conducted a systematic review of qualitative reviews adhering to the PRISMA reporting guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, DARE, and CDSR, and assessed review quality using AMSTAR. We conducted a framework analysis based on the Health Beliefs Model, which was used to organize our preliminary findings with respect to the beliefs that underlie preventive health behavior, including knowledge of risk factors, perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers, and cues to action. We assessed confidence in findings using an adapted GRADE CERQual tool. We included 11 qualitative systematic reviews from 2111 articles. In these studies, migrants report several facilitators to public health interventions. Acceptability depended on migrants’ relationship with healthcare practitioners, knowledge of the disease, and degree of disease-related stigma. Facilitators to public health interventions relevant for migrant populations may provide clues for implementation. Trust, cultural sensitivity, and communication skills also have implications for linkage to care and public health practitioner education. Recommendations from practitioners continue to play a key role in the acceptance of infectious disease interventions.

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