scholarly journals Path of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years: an ongoing challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliseu Alves Waldman ◽  
Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analysis Strategies ◽  
Great Development

ABSTRACT In this article, we comment on the main features of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years, highlighting how much of this path Revista de Saúde Pública could portray. From 1967 to 2016, 1,335 articles focusing on infectious diseases were published in Revista de Saúde Pública. Although the proportion of articles on the topic have decreased from about 50.0% to 15.0%, its notability remained and reflected the growing complexity of the research required for its control. It is noteworthy that studies design and analysis strategies progressively became more sophisticated, following the great development of epidemiology in Brazil in the recent decades. Thus, the journal has followed the success of public health interventions that permitted to control or eliminate numerous infectious diseases – which were responsible, in the past, for high rates of morbidity and mortality –, and also followed the reemergence of diseases already controlled and the emergence of until then unknown diseases, with a strong impact on the Brazilian population, establishing a little predictable and very challenging path.

scholarly journals Accurate spatiotemporal mapping of drug overdose deaths by machine learning of drug-related web-searches

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243622
Author(s):  
David S. Campo ◽  
Joseph W. Gussler ◽  
Amanda Sue ◽  
Pavel Skums ◽  
Yury Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Spatiotemporal Mapping ◽  
Increased Risk

Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for overdose death (ODD), infections with HIV, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and noninfectious health conditions. Spatiotemporal identification of PWID communities is essential for developing efficient and cost-effective public health interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with injection-drug use (IDU). Reported ODDs are a strong indicator of the extent of IDU in different geographic regions. However, ODD quantification can take time, with delays in ODD reporting occurring due to a range of factors including death investigation and drug testing. This delayed ODD reporting may affect efficient early interventions for infectious diseases. We present a novel model, Dynamic Overdose Vulnerability Estimator (DOVE), for assessment and spatiotemporal mapping of ODDs in different U.S. jurisdictions. Using Google® Web-search volumes (i.e., the fraction of all searches that include certain words), we identified a strong association between the reported ODD rates and drug-related search terms for 2004–2017. A machine learning model (Extremely Random Forest) was developed to produce yearly ODD estimates at state and county levels, as well as monthly estimates at state level. Regarding the total number of ODDs per year, DOVE’s error was only 3.52% (Median Absolute Error, MAE) in the United States for 2005–2017. DOVE estimated 66,463 ODDs out of the reported 70,237 (94.48%) during 2017. For that year, the MAE of the individual ODD rates was 4.43%, 7.34%, and 12.75% among yearly estimates for states, yearly estimates for counties, and monthly estimates for states, respectively. These results indicate suitability of the DOVE ODD estimates for dynamic IDU assessment in most states, which may alert for possible increased morbidity and mortality associated with IDU. ODD estimates produced by DOVE offer an opportunity for a spatiotemporal ODD mapping. Timely identification of potential mortality trends among PWID might assist in developing efficient ODD prevention and HBV, HCV, and HIV infection elimination programs by targeting public health interventions to the most vulnerable PWID communities.

The Economics of Infectious Diseases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Economics can make immensely valuable contributions to our understanding of infectious disease transmission and the design of effective policy responses. The one unique characteristic of infectious diseases makes it also particularly complicated to analyze: the fact that it is transmitted from person to person. It explains why individuals’ behavior and externalities are a central topic for the economics of infectious diseases. Many public health interventions are built on the assumption that individuals are altruistic and consider the benefits and costs of their actions to others. This would imply that even infected individuals demand prevention, which stands in conflict with the economic theory of rational behavior. Empirical evidence is conflicting for infected individuals. For healthy individuals, evidence suggests that the demand for prevention is affected by real or perceived risk of infection. However, studies are plagued by underreporting of preventive behavior and non-random selection into testing. Some empirical studies have shown that the impact of prevention interventions could be far greater than one case prevented, resulting in significant externalities. Therefore, economic evaluations need to build on dynamic transmission models in order to correctly estimate these externalities. Future research needs are significant. Economic research needs to improve our understanding of the role of human behavior in disease transmission; support the better integration of economic and epidemiological modeling, evaluation of large-scale public health interventions with quasi-experimental methods, design of optimal subsidies for tackling the global threat of antimicrobial resistance, refocusing the research agenda toward underresearched diseases; and most importantly to assure that progress translates into saved lives on the ground by advising on effective health system strengthening.

scholarly journals Exposome-based public health interventions for infectious diseases in urban settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 106246
Author(s):  
Xanthi D. Andrianou ◽  
Anjoeka Pronk ◽  
Karen S. Galea ◽  
Rob Stierum ◽  
Miranda Loh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Urban Settings

scholarly journals A general approach to compensation for losses incurred due to public health interventions in the infectious disease context

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (S1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Søren Holm
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Care Provision ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Current Compensation ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms

AbstractThis paper develops a general approach to how society should compensate for losses that individuals incur due to public health interventions aimed at controlling the spread of infectious diseases. The paper falls in three parts. The first part provides an initial introduction to the issues and briefly outlines five different kinds of public health interventions that will be used as test cases. They are all directed at individuals and aimed at controlling the spread of infectious diseases (1) isolation, (2) quarantine, (3) recommended voluntary social distancing, (4) changes in health care provision for asymptomatic carriers of multi-resistant microorganisms, and (5) vaccination. The interventions will be briefly described including the various risks, burdens and harms individuals who are subject to these interventions may incur. The second part briefly surveys current compensation mechanisms as far as any exist and argue that even where they exist they are clearly insufficient and do not provide adequate compensation. The third part will then develop a general framework for compensation for losses incurred due to public health interventions in the infectious disease context. This is the major analytical and constructive part of the paper. It first analyses pragmatic and ethical arguments supporting the existence of an obligation on the part of the state to compensate for such losses, and then considers whether this obligation can be defeated by (1) resource considerations, or (2) issues relating to personal responsibility.

scholarly journals Some mathematical tools for modelling malaria: a subjective survey

BIOMATH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 2110029
Author(s):  
Jacek Banasiak ◽  
Rachid Ouifki ◽  
Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
South African ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

In this paper, we provide a brief survey of mathematical modelling of malaria and how it is used to understand the transmission and progression of the disease and design strategies for its control to support public health interventions and decision-making. We discuss some of the past and present contributions of mathematical modelling of malaria, including the recent development of modelling the transmission-blocking drugs. We also comment on the complexity of the malaria dynamics and, in particular, on its multiscale character with its challenges and opportunities. We illustrate the discussion by presenting a curve fitting using a 95% confidence interval for the South African data for malaria from the years 2001-2018$ and provide projections for the number of malaria cases and deaths up to the year 2025.

scholarly journals Mathematical and Statistical models as tools for the control of mosquito-borne diseases: The experience of Costa Rica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Sanchez ◽  
Luis A Barboza ◽  
Paola Vásquez ◽  
Yury E García ◽  
Juan G Calvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Statistical Tools

The modeling of infectious diseases provides valuable input in the development of mitigating strategiesand implementation of public health interventions. We highlight results and current research conductedin Costa Rica using mathematical and statistical tools to develop optimal strategies for mosquito controland mosquito-borne disease prevention/control methods in the country.

A Community-Health Approach for Infection Control in Day-Care Centers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1027
Author(s):  
Julio C. Soto ◽  
Micheline Guy ◽  
Doris Deshaies ◽  
Louise Durand ◽  
Jean Gratton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Day Care Centers

The incidence of infectious diseases can be significantly reduced in day-care centers through health education and public health interventions. Active participation of a center's staff and children are the key element of the success.

scholarly journals Genetic evidence for the association between COVID-19 epidemic severity and timing of non-pharmaceutical interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Ragonnet-Cronin ◽  
Olivia Boyd ◽  
Lily Geidelberg ◽  
David Jorgensen ◽  
Fabricia F. Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Epidemic Size ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractUnprecedented public health interventions including travel restrictions and national lockdowns have been implemented to stem the COVID-19 epidemic, but the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions is still debated. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis of more than 29,000 publicly available whole genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences from 57 locations to estimate the time that the epidemic originated in different places. These estimates were examined in relation to the dates of the most stringent interventions in each location as well as to the number of cumulative COVID-19 deaths and phylodynamic estimates of epidemic size. Here we report that the time elapsed between epidemic origin and maximum intervention is associated with different measures of epidemic severity and explains 11% of the variance in reported deaths one month after the most stringent intervention. Locations where strong non-pharmaceutical interventions were implemented earlier experienced much less severe COVID-19 morbidity and mortality during the period of study.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Australia: Epidemiology Report 26: Fortnightly reporting period ending 27 September 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Wales

Cumulatively to 27 September there have been 27,095 case notifications and 835 deaths. The number of new cases reported nationally this fortnight was 278, a 67% decrease from the previous fortnight (841). On average, this represented 20 cases notified each day over the reporting period, a decrease from an average of 60 cases per day over the previous reporting period. 82% of all COVID-19 cases for the period (229/278) were reported in Victoria, with smaller numbers of cases reported from New South Wales (32), Western Australia (9), Queensland (6) and South Australia (2). In Victoria, 92% of cases (210/229) were locally acquired with known source, 7% (15/229) were locally acquired with unknown source, and 2% (4/229) were reported as under investigation. Excluding Victoria, there were 49 cases in other jurisdictions. Of these, 69% (34/49) were overseas acquired, 18% (9/49) were locally acquired, and 12% (10/49) were under investigation at this time. The continued decrease in new cases observed this fortnight in Victoria was the result of the public health interventions to minimise transmission. A total of 8 deaths were reported from cases diagnosed in this reporting period, all of whom were >75 years old, and all from Victoria. Although testing rates declined over the past month, they remain high at 10.4 tests per 1,000 population per week. There is variability in the testing rate by jurisdiction; the rate depends on the epidemic context. The overall positivity rate for the reporting period was 0.08%. Victoria reported a positivity rate of 0.18% for this reporting period, while in all other jurisdictions the positivity rate was 0.05% or lower.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document