scholarly journals The Recording Industry as the Enemy? A Case Study of Early West German Metal Music

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Peter Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Rock Music ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Recording Industry ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Production Location ◽  
Metal Music ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Usa

AbstractRock and metal music have a complex relationship with the entertainment industries. They rely on commodified products but are also cautious towards the capitalist system with its instrumentalist mechanisms. This article examines early metal music from West Germany in the 1980s with its rock precursors in the 1970s to shed light on the music industry’s positive side other than the commonly portrayed enemy or villain image. Using journalistic sources, including magazines, biographies, documentaries, besides the music release database Discogs, the research reconstructs the independent recording industry for metal, examining key record companies, distribution channels and production staff, as well as their principles and intentions. The findings suggest that in the formative phase of German metal, the boundaries were blurred between fans, artists and entrepreneurs, most acting out of a passion for music. Fan practices, such as music-making, journalistic writing or tape trading, became serious leisure careers, eventually enabling some of the bands, journalists and entrepreneurs to make a living from their metal-related activities; others remained “semi-professional”. Communal spirit characterised German metal, and most of “the industry” worked together with the scene. The joint efforts made it possible for Germany to develop from a weak production location for subcultural rock music compared to the dominant cultures of the USA and UK to one of the leading recording industries for metal music. Rather than “the enemy” with manipulative intentions, the independent metal industry was a cultural intermediary and enabler of subcultural production and consumption.

Japan in Japan: notes on an aspect of the popular music record industry in Japan

Popular Music ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Mitsui
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Record Industry ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Japanese Companies

The record and tape sales figures of the Japanese record industry have exceeded those of the industries of all other capitalist nations, except the USA, since the mid-seventies. In 1980, Japan's share amounted to 13.9 per cent of all sales in the capitalist sphere according to surveys by Billboard. The USA had 35.8 per cent, West Germany 11.6 per cent, the UK 11.6 per cent and France 7.3 per cent (Kawabata 1977, p. 22; 1982, pp. 91, 199). The output of foreign records, recorded and pressed by Japanese companies, to foreign records, pressed by Japanese companies from masters recorded by foreign companies primarily for their own consumers, has been about three to two. A good many of these foreign records are of American and European popular music, and in this field one can perceive a new and interesting tendency to promote and succeed with artists who are or were less successful in their own country. The tendency, whose background I am going to discuss here, started in the mid-seventies; one of the early examples is provided by Kiss, a New York group, which was shrewdly promoted and achieved wide popularity in Japan before succeeding nationwide in America.

scholarly journals Global Seafood Trade: Insights in Sustainability Messaging and Claims of the Major Producing and Consuming Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11720
Author(s):  
Wesley Malcorps ◽  
Richard W. Newton ◽  
Silvia Maiolo ◽  
Mahmoud Eltholth ◽  
Changbo Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Global North ◽  
Trade Shows ◽  
Business To Business ◽  
Food Safety And Quality ◽  
Aquaculture Production ◽  
The Way

Seafood supply chains are complex, not least in the diverse origins of capture fisheries and through aquaculture production being increasingly shared across nations. The business-to-business (B2B) seafood trade is supported by seafood shows that facilitate networking and act as fora for signaling of perceptions and values. In the Global North, sustainability related certifications and messaging have emerged as an important driver to channel the demands of consumers, institutions, and lead firms. This study investigates which logos, certifications, and claims were presented at the exhibitor booths within five seafood trade shows in China, Europe, and USA. The results indicate a difference in the way seafood is advertised. Messaging at the Chinese shows had less of an emphasis on sustainability compared to that in Europe and the USA, but placed a greater emphasis on food safety and quality than on environmental concerns. These findings suggest cultural differences in the way seafood production and consumption is communicated through B2B messaging. Traders often act as choice editors for final consumers. Therefore, it is essential to convey production processes and sustainability issues between traders and the market. An understanding of culture, messaging strategies, and interpretation could support better communication of product characteristics such as sustainability between producers, traders, and consumers.

scholarly journals First Report of Strawberry Fruit Rot Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Lee ◽  
C.-J. Kim ◽  
S. H. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Alternaria Tenuissima ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Dark Green

A strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit rot disease has been observed in several vinyl-house fields at Nonsan and Taejon, Chungnam district, Korea, especially following moist and cool conditions in the spring and again in September. Over the past 7 years, incidence of the disease has ranged from 0.2 to 2.0%. Early symptoms on fruits were characterized by small, irregular lesions, which were slightly sunken and appeared light green to black in color as sporulation began. Conidia were 25 to 55 μm long by 10 to 17 μm wide; beaks, when present, were 2 to 3 μm wide and up to 40 μm long; and conidiophores were 20 to 110 μm long by 3 to 5 μm wide. Older lesions were circular, largely sunken, firm, and dark-green to almost black because of abundant sporulation. The fungus isolated from infected fruit tissues was identified as Alternaria tenuissima (Fries) Wiltshire, based on the morphological characteristics of the conidia and conidiophores. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating slightly wounded, ripe (red) and immature (green) fruits with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml). Twenty-four ripe and immature fruits were inoculated with each of six isolates in duplicate and placed in a moist chamber for 48 h at 25°C and then transferred to vinyl-house field. After 7 to 10 days fruit rot symptoms were visible on the inoculated fruits and appeared nearly identical to lesions observed in the field, although there were differences in aggressiveness among isolates. Control fruits sprayed with distilled water did not develop any symptoms. Green fruits were generally more resistant to infection than ripe ones. The causal fungus was easily reisolated from lesions on inoculated strawberries. Alternaria fruit rot of strawberries has been reported from the USA, UK, and West Germany (2). Howard and Albregts (1) first reported a strawberry fruit rot caused by A. tenuissima in Florida, but the disease is generally not considered important. However, occasionally losses from this disease have been extensive in Korea. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of strawberry fruit rot caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea. References: (1) C. M. Howard and E. E. Albregts. Phytopathology 63:638–639, 1973. (2) A. L. Snowdon. Pages 250–252 in: A Color Atlas of Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables. Vol. 1. 1990. Wolfe Scientific, London.

Analysing the relationship of CO2 and O2 concentrations and flux patterns in forest soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Verena Lang ◽  
Martin Maier
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>Soils act as bioreactors for the production and consumption of different gases. CO<sub>2</sub> is usually produced in soils due to the oxidation of organic material. Under aerobic conditions, this production is coupled to a consumption of O<sub>2</sub> resulting in concentration profiles that increase with depth for CO<sub>2</sub> and decrease for O<sub>2</sub>. Depending on the organic material present, the exchange of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> is approximately equimolar in well aerated soils. This can be deduced from vertical gradients of both gases which should reflect the ratio of their diffusion coefficient (Massmann 1998). The ratio between the CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> flux is often called the respiratory coefficient. However, certain soil types or conditions may invoke anaerobe processes that may lead to a decoupling of CO<sub>2</sub> production and O<sub>2</sub> consumption. Such a decoupling can also result from oxidation of minerals or dissolution and relocation of carbonates.</p><p>Here we present long-term data of soil CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> concentrations from forest sites in South West Germany. Gas samples were collected passively starting 1998 until now using permanently installed gas wells at different depths. The samples were then analysed using gas chromatography for CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> (and additionally N<sub>2</sub>, Ar, N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>).</p><p>CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes were calculated using the gradient approach (Maier et al 2020). At sites with well aerated soils, the observed CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes followed a clear linear relationship, with high effluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> corresponding to high influxes of O<sub>2</sub>. The exchange was furthermore approximately equimolar with the calculated fluxes following a -1:1 trend.</p><p>We will compare these data from well aerated soils to concentration data of CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> from less well-aerated soils with temporally suboxic conditions to further analyse the respiratory coefficient under oxygen limited conditions. Furthermore, diffusion-coefficient-normalised gradients are calculated to obtain information about the stoichiometry of the production and consumption patterns involved.</p><p> </p><p><em>Literature:</em></p><p><em>Maier M, Gartiser V, Schengel A, Lang V. Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(23):8653.</em></p><p><em>Massman, W J. A review of the molecular diffusivities of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NO, and NO<sub>2</sub> in air, O<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> near STP. Atmospheric Environment 1998; 32(6), 1111–1127</em></p><p> </p>

The Alarm Center in Stockholm County Council

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
Bo Brismar
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
County Council ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Medical Transport ◽  
Transportation Vehicle ◽  
Distance Transport

During the last ten years, both in Western Europe and in the USA, the attitude towards medical transport activities has radically changed. From being a purely transportation vehicle the ambulance is now increasingly regarded as an extended arm of medical care. At the same time as ambulance crews have received more qualified medical training, the equipment of the ambulances themselves has been improved. In several countries such as the USA, France and West Germany, a differentiated ambulance organization has been built up, with specially equipped emergency ambulances manned by paramedics, and standard ambulances with emergency technicians for planned transports. During this time helicopters have been put into increasing use as a supplement to ambulances for emergency long distance transport to units such as trauma and burn centers.

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