The Ideal Insulin Resistance Index for Cardiovascular Risk Discrimination in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taoreed Adegoke Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Insulin Resistance Index ◽  
The Ideal

scholarly journals Ketone Bodies Are Mildly Elevated in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Are Inversely Associated with Insulin Resistance as Measured by the Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Garcia ◽  
Irina Shalaurova ◽  
Steven P. Matyus ◽  
David N. Oskardmay ◽  
James D. Otvos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Insulin Resistance Index

Background: Quantifying mildly elevated ketone bodies is clinically and pathophysiologically relevant, especially in the context of disease states as well as for monitoring of various diets and exercise regimens. As an alternative assay for measuring ketone bodies in the clinical laboratory, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based test was developed for quantification of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), acetoacetate (AcAc) and acetone. Methods: The ketone body assay was evaluated for precision, linearity and stability and method comparisons were performed. In addition, plasma ketone bodies were measured in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS, n = 1198; 373 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects). Results: β-HB and AcAc quantified using NMR and mass spectrometry and acetone quantified using NMR and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were highly correlated (R2 = 0.996, 0.994, and 0.994 for β-HB, AcAc, acetone, respectively). Coefficients of variation (%CVs) for intra- and inter-assay precision ranged from 1.3% to 9.3%, 3.1% to 7.7%, and 3.8% to 9.1%, for β-HB, AcAc and acetone, respectively. In the IRAS, ketone bodies were elevated in subjects with T2DM versus non-diabetic individuals (p = 0.011 to ≤0.001). Age- and sex-adjusted multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that total ketone bodies and β-HB were associated directly with free fatty acids (FFAs) and T2DM and inversely with triglycerides and insulin resistance as measured by the Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index. Conclusions: Concentrations of the three main ketone bodies can be determined by NMR with good clinical performance, are elevated in T2DM and are inversely associated with triglycerides and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance (IR) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Identifying Predictors of Insulin Resistance and Establishing a Correlation Between Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Vesa Cosmin Mihai ◽  
Popa Loredana ◽  
Daina Lucia ◽  
Moisi Mădălina ◽  
Popescu Mircea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Diabetes Development ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Determinant Factor

AbstractInsulin resistance is a determinant factor for the increased prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients. In this study we determined those modifications of clinical and biochemical parameters associated with insulin resistance in the diabetic patient, these alterations can offer us indications concerning the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the diabetes development in the case of most patients. Also we determined a correlation between insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, through the combined effect of age and insulin resistance on this risk.

scholarly journals The joint effect of congenital hypothyroidism and hypercaloric diet consumption as triggers of type 2 diabetes mellitus

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Alberto Tapia-Martínez ◽  
Margarita Franco-Colín ◽  
Vanessa Blas-Valdivia ◽  
Edgar Cano-Europa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Hypercaloric Diet

Introduction Congenital hypothyroidism affects metabolic and thyroid programming, having a deleterious effect on bodyweight regulation promoting metabolic diseases. This work aimed to demonstrate the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in animals with congenital hypothyroidism, only by the consumption of a mild hypercaloric diet in the extrauterine stage. Methods Two groups of female Wistar rats (n  = 9): euthyroid and hypothyroid were used. Hypothyroidism was induced by a thyroidectomy with parathyroid reimplantation. Male offsprings post-weaning were divided into four groups (n  = 10): euthyroid, hypothyroid, euthyroid + hypercaloric diet, and hypothyroid + hypercaloric diet. The hypercaloric diet consisted of ground commercial feed plus 20% lard and was administered until postnatal week 40. Bodyweight and energy intake were monitored weekly. Also, metabolic and hormonal markers related to cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance were analyzed at week 40. Then, animals were sacrificed to perform the morphometric analysis of the pancreas and adipose tissue. Results T2D was developed in animals fed a hypercaloric diet denoted by the presence of central obesity, hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension, as well as changes in the cytoarchitecture of the pancreas and adipose tissue related to T2D. The results show that congenital hypothyroid animals had an increase in metabolic markers and an elevated cardiovascular risk. Conclusions Congenital hypothyroid animals develop T2D, having the highest metabolic disturbances and a worsened clinical prognosis than euthyroid animals.

scholarly journals The Ideal Insulin Resistance Index for c\Cardiovascular Risk Discrimination in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taoreed Adegoke Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Insulin Resistance Index ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
The Mean

Abstract BackgroundThis study was aimed at determining the correlation between insulin resistance indices and atherogenic index as well as determining the ability of the indices to discriminate between low and high cardiovascular risk in diabetic individuals. The study involved 70 participants. Ethical approval was granted by the institution review board. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and lipid profile were analyzed for each participant. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), homeostatic mode assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), fasting glucose insulin ratio (FGIR), fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI), McAuley’s index and Raynauld’s index were calculated using the appropriate formulae. Pearson’s correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were done.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 53.34 ± 9.57 years. Males were 50%. The mean duration of type 2 diabetes in the participants was 6.29 ± 2.78 years. Each index had a strong and significant correlation with fasting plasma insulin (p<0.001). Using AIP as a marker of cardiovascular risk, 14.3% had intermediate/high risk. Among the indices, only McAuley’s index showed a statistically significant negative correlation with AIP (r= -0.453;p<0.001). None of the indices could reliably discriminate between low and intermediate/high cardiovascular risk.ConclusionThe studied indices could not predict cardiovascular risk despite their usefulness as insulin resistance markers. Further studies are needed to identify an ideal insulin resistance index that can also predict cardiovascular risk.

scholarly journals Evidence for Training-Induced Changes in miRNA Levels in the Skeletal Muscle of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Simaitis ◽  
Benedikt Schulte-Körne ◽  
Thorsten Schiffer ◽  
Wilhelm Bloch ◽  
Hans-Georg Predel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Study Results

Physical training can improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. An interesting piece of the puzzle could be the regulation of micro-RNAs (miRNAs). They are important modulators of protein expression. Some miRNAs were found to be both linked to poor glycemic control/insulin resistance (with evidence from in vivo and/or in vitro studies) and dysregulated in the skeletal muscle of T2DM patients. This pilot study examines whether a 3-month endurance training program [three times a week, 70–80% peak heart rate (HRpeak)] can down-regulate their levels in T2DM men (n = 7). One skeletal muscle biopsy sample was obtained from each patient at T1 (6 weeks pre-intervention), one at T2 (1 week pre-intervention) and one at T3 (3–4 days post-intervention). miRNA-27a-3p, −29a-3p, −29b-3p, −29c-3p, −106b-5p, −135a-5p, −143-3p, −144-3p, −194-5p, and − 206 levels were determined by RT-qPCR. Friedman ANOVA and post-hoc tests showed that miRNA-29b-3p, −29c-3p and -135a-5p levels were significantly reduced post-training (T3 vs. T2 and/or T1). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and HOMA insulin resistance index did not change significantly. However, HbA1c was reduced in 6 of 7 patients post-training. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation analyses with all values from all time points showed significant negative associations between miRNA-29c-3p, −106b-5p, −144-3p and −194-5p levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak). The study results imply that regular exercise and improving one’s physical fitness is helpful for the regulation of skeletal muscle miRNAs in T2DM patients. Whether or not changes in the miRNA profile can affect the clinical situation of T2DM patients warrants further research.

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