scholarly journals Blind spots in AI ethics

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilo Hagendorff
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Social Constructs ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Blind Spots

AbstractThis paper critically discusses blind spots in AI ethics. AI ethics discourses typically stick to a certain set of topics concerning principles evolving mainly around explainability, fairness, and privacy. All these principles can be framed in a way that enables their operationalization by technical means. However, this requires stripping down the multidimensionality of very complex social constructs to something that is idealized, measurable, and calculable. Consequently, rather conservative, mainstream notions of the mentioned principles are conveyed, whereas critical research, alternative perspectives, and non-ideal approaches are largely neglected. Hence, one part of the paper considers specific blind spots regarding the very topics AI ethics focusses on. The other part, then, critically discusses blind spots regarding to topics that hold significant ethical importance but are hardly or not discussed at all in AI ethics. Here, the paper focuses on negative externalities of AI systems, exemplarily discussing the casualization of clickwork, AI ethics’ strict anthropocentrism, and AI’s environmental impact. Ultimately, the paper is intended to be a critical commentary on the ongoing development of the field of AI ethics. It makes the case for a rediscovery of the strength of ethics in the AI field, namely its sensitivity to suffering and harms that are caused by and connected to AI technologies.

scholarly journals Are magicians specialists at identifying deceptive motion? The role of expertise in being fooled by sleight of hand.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Garcia-Pelegrin ◽  
Clive Wilkins ◽  
Nicola Clayton
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
Inherent Ambiguity ◽  
Blind Spots

Abstract The use of magic effects to investigate the blind spots in the attention and perception and roadblocks in the cognition of the spectator has yielded thought-provoking results elucidating how these techniques operate. However, little is known about the interplay between experience practising magic and being deceived by magic effects. In this study, we performed two common sleight of hand effects and their real transfer counterparts to non-magicians, and to magicians with a diverse range of experience practising magic. Although, as a group, magicians identified the sleights of hand as deceptive actions significantly more than non-magicians; this ability was only evidenced in magicians with more than 5 years in the craft. However, unlike the rest of the participants, experienced magicians had difficulty correctly pinpointing the location of the coin in one of the real transfers presented. We hypothesise that this might be due to the inherent ambiguity of this transfer, in which, contrary to the other real transfer performed, no clear perceptive clue is given about the location of the coin. We suggest that extensive time practising magic might have primed experienced magicians to anticipate foul play when observing ambiguous movements, even when the actions observed are genuine.

Social Blind Spots

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Duckworth ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Security Guard ◽  
Blind Spots

The other day, I took my daughter Lucy to the mall to get her ears pierced. The technician was friendly and warm, cheerfully redrawing purple dots on Lucy's earlobes again and again until everyone was satisfied that they were perfectly centered. Just then, a mall security guard wandered by. He and our technician struck up a flirtatious banter—an exchange I would have found endearing under different circumstances, but in this case activated my protective maternal instincts. “Excuse me,” I said. “My daughter is getting a hole in her ear for the rest of her life. Could you please give it a rest?” Our technician smiled and assured us that she had no problem concentrating while making conversation with her friend. And, calm as can be, she finished the piercing.

What Social Identities Can Tell Us about Violence in Social Movements, and Vice Versa

Contention ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Consequences Of Violence ◽  
Blind Spots

AK Thompson’s “Ten Theses” is a timely and compelling piece. It challenges collective action scholars to address the nature, bases, and consequences of violence and physical force in a manner that does not position these as anomalous or outside the bounds of “normal” or “normative” action (a tendency that sees violence and physical force more regularly addressed on the other side of soft academic borders, such as that separating social movement and protest scholars from scholars of “terrorism”). I want to address this challenge here by reflecting on what my “home” discipline of social psychology can offer in terms of insights, and (more importantly) what blind spots and limitations remain. For convenience, I adopt a rather conventional and narrow working definition of “violence” as involving physical force, rather than a broader (but equally valid) definition that encompasses any act (including speech) that can cause hurt or harm.

Assembly Codes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Durham Peters
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Internet Infrastructure ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Vinyl Records

The contributors to Assembly Codes examine how media and logistics set the conditions for the circulation of information and culture. They document how logistics—the techniques of organizing and coordinating the movement of materials, bodies, and information—has substantially impacted the production, distribution, and consumption of media. At the same time, physical media, such as paperwork, along with media technologies ranging from phone systems to software are central to the operations of logistics. The contributors interrogate topics ranging from the logistics of film production and the construction of internet infrastructure to the environmental impact of the creation, distribution, and sale of vinyl records. They also reveal how logistical technologies have generated new aesthetic and performative practices. In charting the specific points of contact, dependence, and friction between media and logistics, Assembly Codes demonstrates that media and logistics are co-constitutive and that one cannot be understood apart from the other. Contributors Ebony Coletu, Kay Dickinson, Stefano Harney, Matthew Hockenberry, Tung-Hui Hu, Shannon Mattern, Fred Moten, Michael Palm, Ned Rossiter, Nicole Starosielski, Liam Cole Young, Susan Zieger

Blind-Spots in Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Perceptual Mean

Apeiron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-284
Author(s):  
Roberto Grasso
Keyword(s):  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Physiological Reaction ◽  
Sensory Apparatus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Blind Spots

AbstractThis paper aims to identify several interpretive problems posed by the final part of DA II.11 (423b27–424 a10), where Aristotle intertwines the thesis that a sense is like a ‘mean’ and an explanation for the existence of a ‘blind spot’ related to the sense of touch, adding the further contention that we are capable of discriminating because the mean ‘becomes the other opposite’ in relation to the perceptible property being perceived. To solve those problems, the paper explores a novel interpretation of Aristotle’s claims, arguing that they describe a homeostatic physiological reaction by which the sensory apparatus responds to perceptible stimuli. According to the proposed interpretation, such homeostatic reaction constitutes a necessary condition for perceiving what Aristotle refers to as ‘proper’ perceptible features, which include properties like ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ as well as colors and sounds.

scholarly journals Development, Balkanism, and new (im)moralities in postsocialist Bosnia-Herzegovina

Focaal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (87) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Federica Tarabusi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Social Constructs ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Moral Boundaries ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Development Professionals ◽  
Privileged Site

AbstractDespite considerable analysis of development policies in postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina, local-internationals encounters have received less attention. In an attempt to fill this gap, this article traces the discursive processes through which development professionals frame their narratives about Bosnian society, and in turn, how its inhabitants experience the internationals staying in the country. Applying Maria Todorova's framework, I show how Western “expatriates” tend to incorporate the Balkans’ liminality into their social constructs to depoliticize development practices. On the other hand, I approach emic understandings of Europeanness and Balkanism as a situationally embedded and contested process that comes into play to (re)draw social and moral boundaries in Bosnian society. I conclude by considering local-international encounters as a privileged site for exploring the postsocialist state but also new political subjectivities in contemporary Bosnia.

scholarly journals Methods of habitat reports’ evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Harasymiuk ◽  
Elżbieta Hanna Szafranko ◽  
Jan Tyburski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Cost

AbstractA building investment, especially in nature valuable areas, is almost always inseparable with a bigger or smaller environmental interference. For a few years there are legal regulations created to protect these areas. One of them is the requirement to conduct a habitat evaluation and to prepare a habitat report if there is a indication of significant impact on the Natura 200 site. The quality of such a report is crucial for completion an investment in a chosen localisation as well as for shortening a preparation stage with respect to environmental requirements. A defective report can result in a agreement refusal of investment completion conditions of an investment by an authorised body, and can be a reason for protests of a community which is affected by the planned investment. A well-made report, on the other hand, results in a smooth acceptance of the project without the need for consultation of the investor with the proceeding body and saving the cost of correction of a defective documentation. An review of the literature done by the authors and the talks carried out with the staff making an assessment of reports of an impact on Natura 2000 sites showed the lack of common use in practise of a formalised set of criteria of evaluation of such documents. The aim of the study was to prepare a set of evaluation criteria for reports on environmental impact on Natura 2000 sites. The set was tested on already made reports and it showed their basic omissions and disparities. The set prepared can be used by an investor in the course of making a report. It can be also a useful tool for a verifying clerk while evaluating a report for its completeness and adequacy. On the basis of the prepared set of evaluation criteria, a procedure was proposed allowing an impartial verification of reports. As a result of analyses made, a procedure was worked out which is presented in the diagram concluding this paper.

The Adaptive Significance of the Location of the Optic Disk

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aries Arditi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Space ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optic Disk ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Fixation Distance ◽  
Adaptive Property ◽  
Blind Spots

Although the ‘filling in’ of each blind spot by healthy retina in the other eye has long been described as an adaptive property of the spatial arrangement of the optic disks, an explanation of why the disks are specifically located where they are has yet to be proposed. A rationale for their horizontal position in humans is offered that is based on the projections of the blind spots in visual space in relation to fixation distance and to the protrusion of the bony facial occlusion of the nose bridge.

Dance and Subtraction: Notes on Alain Badiou's Inaesthetics

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Owen Clark
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Writing ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Aesthetic Thinking ◽  
Widespread View ◽  
Special Case

In an essay entirely devoted to the subject of dance in Alain Badiou's Handbook of Inaesthetics [Petit manuel d'inesthétique (Badiou 2005b)], we find the following contentious statement: “Dance is not an art, because it is the sign of the possibility of art as inscribed in the body” (69). At first glance, this statement seems strangely familiar to the reader versed in writing about dance, particularly philosophical writing. “Dance is not an art”: Badiou critiques Mallarmé as not realizing this as the true import of his ideas. It is familiar because it attests to a certain problem in aesthetic thinking, one that relates to the placement and position of dance and the works that comprise its history into what can be seen as certain evaluative hierarchies, particularly vis à vis the relation of dance to other art forms, and in particular, those involving speech and writing. Dance seems to suffer from a certain marginalization, subtraction, or exclusion, and its practice seems to occupy a place of the perennial exception, problem, or special case. The strangeness of the statement, on the other hand, relates to the widespread view outside of academic writing that the status of dance “as art” is actually completely unproblematic. What follows therefore is a critical commentary on this assertion of Badiou, placed both in the context of Badiou's writing, and in the wider one pertaining to the problem of exclusion just outlined.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Forest Management Non-Conformities to FSC Standards in Different European Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 634-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aureliu Florin HALALISAN ◽  
Florin IORAS ◽  
Henn KORJUS ◽  
Mersudin AVDIBEGOVIC ◽  
Bruno MARIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
The Uk

The purpose of this study was to assess the most frequent non-conformities identified in different European countries in the processes of forest management certification according to FSC standards. A total of 31 active certificates from five countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Romania, Slovenia and the United Kingdom) were analysed, including all active certificates (as of 1st of June 2014) from three countries along with a sample of 13 FSC certificates issued in the UK and one certificate covering 95% of the certified forest area in Slovenia. 253 non-conformities in relation to FSC standard requirements were identified as formulated by the audit teams and the most frequently identified non-conformities in the certification process were those related to Principle 6 - Environmental impact (34%), Principle 4 - Community relations and worker’s rights (17%) and Principle 8 - Monitoring and Assessment (13%). A slight positive correlation was noticed between the FSC certified area and the total number of non-conformities, with a closer link in the case of Principle 9 - Maintenance of high conservation value forests, and Principle 4. The non-conformities related to Principles 4, 6 and 9 appeared to be significantly influenced in occurrence by country development; less often in the UK compared with the other four countries.

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