The effect of seat belts on minor and severe injuries measured on the abbreviated injury scale

Introductio: Although management of severely injured patients in the Trauma Resuscitation Unit (TRU) follows evidence-based guidelines, algorithms for treatment of the slightly injured are limited. Methods: All trauma patients in a period of eight months in a Level I trauma center were followed. Retrospective analysis was performed only in patients ≥18 years with primary TRU admission, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≤ 1, Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) ≤ 1 and Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≤3 after treatment completion and ≥24 h monitoring in the units. Cochran’s Q-test was used for the statistical evaluation of AIS and ISS changes in units. Results: One hundred and twelve patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-one patients (18.75%) reported new complaints after treatment completion in the TRU. AIS rose from the Intermediate Care Unit (IMC) to Normal Care Unit (NCU) 6.2% and ISS 6.9%. MAIS did not increase >2, and no intervention was necessary for any patient. No correlation was found between computed tomography (CT) diagnostics in TRU and AIS change. Conclusions: The data suggest that AIS, MAIS and ISS did not increase significantly in patients without a severe injury during inpatient treatment, regardless of the type of CT diagnostics performed in the TRU, suggesting that monitoring of these patients may be unnecessary.

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On Informing Women of Child Bearing Age about Seat Belt Risk during Pregnancy

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193120204601106 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 943-946

Author(s):

Kenya Freeman ◽

Michael S. Wogalter

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Vehicle Accidents ◽

Child Bearing ◽

Seat Belt Use ◽

Serious Injuries

Seat belts have been effective in reducing serious injuries and deaths in vehicular accidents. However, their use by women in the third trimester of pregnancy can cause placental damage and fetal injury or death in relatively minor motor vehicle accidents without severely injuring pregnant women. The lack of seat belt use in similar or more serious accidents could cause severe injuries or death to pregnant women from impacts within the cabin or from ejection, and in turn could lead to fetal injuries or deaths. The present study sought to determine whether women between the ages of 16 and 45 (child bearing age) would like to be informed of these risks. Ninety-nine of the 101 women surveyed indicated they would like to be informed of the risks, and that they would expect to find this information in the vehicle's owners manual. in dealing with the risks, some women indicated that they would wear the seatbelts and others indicated they would not. Most respondents indicated that they would reduce the risks by reducing their use of the vehicle during pregnancy. These results have implications for risk communications.

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Burden of Moderate and Severe Head Injury in Kashmir Valley

Indian Journal of Neurotrauma ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1717217 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

B. Irfan ◽

M. Nayil ◽

K. Kaiser ◽

R. Altaf ◽

S. Hilal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

High Risk ◽

Ct Scan ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Neurological Assessment ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Major Health

Abstract Background Head injury is a major health hazard throughout the world. Overall, the mortality/morbidity has not changed much in the last few decades. In developing nations, the situation is worse. Methods The study was conducted for a period of 1 year. The data collected include demographic profile, mode, circumstances and timing of the injury, neurological assessment using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scoring, computed tomography (CT) scan findings, type of management, and outcome. Results Transport-related injuries and falls were the common cause of head injury, with more severe injuries seen in patients without wearing helmets and seat belts. The youth is at high risk of receiving head injuries. The summer season showed a maximum incidence of head injuries. The most common lesions on CT scan were linear fracture of the skull and brain contusion. Mortality rate was 26% and it correlated with the GCS at presentation. Conclusion Head injury mostly affects young people and males outnumber females. Road traffic accident is the major cause. People not abiding by the traffic rules, such as wearing helmets and seat belts, were at high risk of developing head injury and poor outcome.

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Host Resistance in Patients after Resuscitation

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x00065687 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 219-223

Author(s):

Laura Wolowicka ◽

Hanna Bartkowiak ◽

Ryszard Gorny

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Host Resistance ◽

Multiple Injuries ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Trauma Patients ◽

Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Cellular Factors

There has recently been a steady increase in the number of patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs) and requiring resuscitation. This number has risen from 1 to 3% in patients after cardiac arrest (19) and from 7 to 13% in those with severe injuries (18). The immune system investigations, introduced more and more widely in intensive care medicine for prophylactic, therapeutic and prognostic reasons, did not, in principle, concern the cases of post-resuscitation disease after cardiac arrest. Only a few reports have been published on this subject (11).The aims of our investigations were the analysis of selected humoral and cellular factors in patients after cardiac arrest in comparison to those with multiple injuries, evaluation of the host resisctance against infection and of prognostic values of some immunological indices.Examinations were carried out in 50 patients, treated in an ICU of 15 beds, from 1981 to 1982, and in 20 healthy volunteers. The patients were divided into two main groups (Fig. 1): The first group consisted of 25 patients after cardiac arrest, age 47±12. The second group consisted of 25 patients after severe multiple injuries, age 42±18 y; they corresponded to an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) of 4–6 (8). 56% of the patients with cardiac arrest could not be resuscitated. In 64% of the trauma patients treatment was unsuccessful. Infection complications, influencing recovery were observed in 10 (40%) after cardiac arrest and in 12 (48%) after trauma. The cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation methods used were standard (16).

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A pattern of adult involvement in highway acidentes

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1413-812320141912.17042013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 4861-4868

Author(s):

Paulina Bertól Bringmann ◽

Érika Cristina Ferreira ◽

Nevton Valdir Bringmann ◽

Sandra Maria Pelloso ◽

Maria Dalva de Barros Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Traffic Patterns ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Surface Conditions ◽

Minor Injuries ◽

Adult Involvement

This study aimed to identify the set of circumstances that contributed to the involvement of adults in traffic accidents. The study was of the cross-sectional type using secondary data. The patterns were identified through cluster analysis using a method called Hierarchical Ascendant Classification. Five classes were identified. Three classes involved males with minor injuries resulting from accidents between vehicles or vehicle-object, during the daytime and with dry road surface conditions. Two classes involved females, resulting in severe injuries, and were notable for occurring during the night and with a lower rate of use of seat belts. The findings of this study, especially in relation to the more serious accidents involving the female drivers, draw attention to this situation and point to a need for further studies involving these classes, which are increasingly common in traffic patterns.

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Functional Outcome After Pediatric Head Injury

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.4.425 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 425-432

Author(s):

Arlene I. Greenspan ◽

Ellen J. MacKenzie

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Social Services ◽

Behavioral Problems ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Functional Limitations ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Head Injury Severity

Objectives. To examine the consequences of head injury and the medical, economic, and sociodemographic factors affecting functional status 1 year after injury. Methods. A follow-up was conducted on 95 children (aged 5 to 15) 1 year after they were hospitalized for head injury. Parents were interviewed by phone concerning their child's preinjury and current health status, and the family's economic and social resources during the 1 year postinjury. Inpatient medical records were reviewed to obtain information regarding the characteristics of the injury. Results. We found that study children were more likely than children from the general population to have limitations in physical health, behavioral problems, and to be enrolled in a special education program. These findings were true for all levels of head injury severity, although children with severe head injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale 5) were more likely to demonstrate these functional limitations than were children with less severe injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale 2, 3, 4). After controlling for head injury severity, we found that the poorer outcomes were associated with poverty, preinjury chronic health problems, and lower extremity injuries. Conclusions. The large proportion of children who demonstrated functional limitations underscores the importance of evaluating all children hospitalized with head injuries for functional limitations and providing rehabilitation and social services when needed.

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Seat Belts: Why Won't Americans Buckle Up? Risks Underestimated, Misunderstood, Psychologists Say

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e530632012-004 ◽

1985 ◽

Author(s):

Lorraine Pecarsky

Keyword(s):

Seat Belts

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STUDY OF PEDIATRIC INJURIES: PATTERNS AND OUTCOME

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i8.485 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Yasir. B. Elshambaty

Keyword(s):

School Level ◽

Common Mechanism ◽

Injury Patterns ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Injured Child ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pediatric Injuries ◽

Pediatric Injury ◽

The Common ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Purpose this study aims to show the patterns and outcome of pediatric injury among those living in Albaha region in Saudi Arabia Methods this is a cross-sectional descriptive household-based study, included children between 0-17 years old both male and female. The data were collected with structured questionnaire between 20 Nov – 20 Dec 2018 and analyzed with SPSS version 25 Results the total of participants was 257 injured child. 199(77.4%) are male and 58(22.6%) are female. About 44%of them were injured at pre-school level and 56% were traumatized at school age. The least incidence of injury occurred in those less than 2 yrs and higher incidence in those between 3-10 yrs old. The most common mechanism of injury was falling from height. The most affected group age by RTA accidents was 11-17 yrs old. Approximately 83% of the injured children required hospital management. Only one third of the injuries were associated complications. The most common injured anatomic part was the upper limb and the least affected part was the spine. Only 5% of the injuries were associated with a disability and the common was loss of organ or part of it. Paralysis occurred in less than 1% and head injury resulted in disabilities more than 1%. Conclusion the vast majority of the injuries in our participants are not serious. The severe injuries were associated with RTA-related trauma. Most of injuries due to falling from height are not serious. We recommend not to allow the children to drive cars. Keywords: pediatric injuries; injury patterns; household.

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CORPORATE LIABILITY ON THE CRIME OF PRODUCING, DISTRIBUTING, AND UTILIZING NON-STANDARD VACCINES

Hang Tuah Law Journal ◽

10.30649/htlj.v1i2.27 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Achmad Ardiansyah Akbar

Keyword(s):

Money Laundering ◽

Consumer Protection ◽

Geographical Indications ◽

Legal Research ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Corporate Liability

<p>Immunization is a mandatory program by government for every child in Indonesia. In 2016, however, the vaccine used for children’s immunization was found under standardized or unqualified. It was mixed with particular substances which might lead the users into some allergies, minor or severe injuries, trauma, and even danger their lives. Parents certainly fully entrusted their children’s immunization to the competent. The crime of producing, distributing, and using non-standard vaccines involved many parties both individuals and corporations, ranging from the task of producing, distributing, and up to injecting the vaccines into children. With the enormous profits of the crime, however, only private parties were sued while the corporations were still free from any accusation and thus, it made them have potential chances to redo such crime, violating medical laws, consumer protection laws, Money laundering legislation, and up to brand and geographical indications.</p><p>This study was a legal research with statute and conceptual approaches. It aimed to investigate the provisions of producing and distributing non-standard vaccines by corporations and to analyze their liability on such crime. The results, conclusions, suggestions, and recommendations for the problem were discussed.</p>

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